Ukuveliswa kwe-oyile kwi-Oilfields
Isebenza njani imigca yolawulo emaquleni?
Imigca yokulawula ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso, ivumela ukufunyanwa kwedatha ye-downhole, kunye nokulawulwa kwemvume kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo ze-downhole.
Umyalelo kunye nemiqondiso yokulawula inokuthunyelwa ukusuka kwindawo kumphezulu ukuya kwisixhobo somngxuma wequla.Idatha esuka kwi-downhole sensors ingathunyelwa kwiinkqubo ezingaphezulu ukuze zihlolwe okanye zisetyenziswe kwimisebenzi ethile yequla.
Iivalvu zokhuseleko lwe-Downhole (DHSVs) ziivalvu zokhuseleko eziphantsi komphezulu (SCSSV) ezisebenza ngoxinzelelo lwehydraulically ukusuka kwiphaneli yolawulo kumphezulu.Xa uxinzelelo lwehydraulic lusetyenziswa phantsi komgca wolawulo, uxinzelelo lunyanzela umkhono ongaphakathi kwevalve ukuba uslayide ezantsi, uvule ivalve.Ekukhupheni uxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic, ivalve iyavala.
Imigca ye-hydraulic ye-Meilong Tube ye-downhole isetyenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengeendlela zokunxibelelana kwizixhobo eziphantsi kwe-hydraulically ezisebenza kwi-oyile, igesi, kunye nemithombo yamanzi yokutofa, apho ukuqina kunye nokuchasana neemeko ezinzima zifunekayo.Le migca inokuqulunqwa ngokwesiko kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo kunye namacandelo e-downhole.
Zonke izinto ezigqunyiweyo zizinzile ngokwe-hydrolytically kwaye ziyahambelana nazo zonke iincindi eziqhelekileyo zokugqiba kakuhle, kubandakanywa negesi yoxinzelelo oluphezulu.Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukushisa kwe-bottomhole, ukuqina, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokukrazula amandla, ukuxutywa kwamanzi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwegesi, i-oxidation, kunye ne-abrasion kunye nokumelana nemichiza.
Imigca yokulawula iqhubekile nophuhliso olubanzi, kubandakanywa uvavanyo lokutyumza kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-autoclave ukulinganisa kakuhle.Uvavanyo lokutyumza kwilebhu lubonise ukunyuka komthwalo apho iityhubhu egqunyiweyo inokugcina imfezeko esebenzayo, ngakumbi apho “iingcingo ezinkulu” zocingo zisetyenziswa.
Zisetyenziswa phi iintambo zolawulo?
★ Amaqula akrelekrele afuna ukusebenza kunye neenzuzo zolawulo lwamanzi ezixhobo zokulawula ukuqukuqela kude ngenxa yeendleko okanye umngcipheko wongenelelo okanye ukungakwazi ukuxhasa iziseko ezingundoqo ezifunekayo kwindawo ekude.
★ Umhlaba, iqonga, okanye imo engqongileyo engaphantsi kolwandle.
IsiZukulwana soMbane weGeothermal
Iintlobo zezityalo
Zintathu iindidi zezityalo ze-geothermal ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane.Uhlobo lwesityalo lumiselwa ikakhulu yimo yomthombo we-geothermal kwisiza.
Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-direct steam geothermal plant isetyenziswa xa i-geothermal resource ivelisa umphunga ngokuthe ngqo equleni.Umphunga, emva kokudlula kwizahluli (ezisusa isanti encinci kunye namasuntswana amatye) ufakwa kwi-injini yomoya.Ezi yayizezona ntlobo zakuqala zezityalo ezaphuhliswa e-Italiya nase-US Ngelishwa, izixhobo zomphunga zezona zinqabileyo kuzo zonke izibonelelo ze-geothermal kwaye zikhona kwiindawo ezimbalwa kuphela emhlabeni.Ngokucacileyo izityalo zomphunga azinakusetyenziswa kwimithombo yobushushu obuphantsi.
Izityalo ze-flash steam ziqeshwe kwiimeko apho i-geothermal resource ivelisa amanzi ashushu aphezulu okanye indibaniselwano yomphunga kunye namanzi ashushu.Ulwelo oluphuma equleni lusiwa kwitanki edanyazayo apho inxalenye yamanzi idanyazela kumphunga kwaye ijongiswe kwi-injini yomoya.Amanzi aseleyo ajoliswe ekuchitheni (ngokuqhelekileyo i-injection).Ngokuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokushisa lomthombo kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe izigaba ezibini zamatanki ombane.Kule meko, amanzi ahlulwe kwitanki yenqanaba lokuqala ajoliswe kwitanki ye-flash yenqanaba lesibini apho ngaphezulu (kodwa uxinzelelo olusezantsi) lwahluliwe.Amanzi aseleyo ukusuka kwitanki yenqanaba lesibini ayalelwa ukulahlwa.Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-double flash plant ihambisa umphunga kuxinzelelo olubini olwahlukileyo kwi-injini yomoya.Kwakhona, olu hlobo lwesityalo alukwazi ukusetyenziswa kwimithombo yobushushu obuphantsi.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwesityalo samandla obushushu bomhlaba sibizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sokubini.Eli gama lisuka kwinto yokuba ulwelo lwesibini kumjikelo ovaliweyo lusetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa i-iturbine kunomphunga we-geothermal.Umfanekiso woku-1 ubonisa umzobo owenziwe lula wohlobo lwebinary type geothermal plant.Ulwelo lwe-Geothermal lugqithiswa kwisixhobo sokutshintsha ubushushu esibizwa ngokuba yibhoyila okanye i-vaporizer (kwezinye izityalo, izitshintshi zobushushu ezibini kuthotho eyokuqala yi-preheater kunye neyesibini ngumphunga) apho ubushushu obukulwelo lwe-geothermal bukhutshelwa kulwelo olusebenzayo lubangela ukuba lubile. .Ulwelo oludlulileyo olusebenzayo kubushushu obuphantsi bezityalo zokubini ibiziifriji zeCFC (uhlobo lweFreon).Oomatshini bangoku basebenzisa ii-hydrocarbons (i-isobutane, i-pentane njl njl) zohlobo lwe-HFC zezikhenkcisi ezinolwelo oluthile olukhethelwe ukuhambelana nobushushu bomthombo we-geothermal.
Umzobo 1. Umzi-mveliso wamandla we-geothermal wesibini
Umphunga wolwelo olusebenzayo ugqithiselwa kwi-injini yomoya apho amandla ayo aguqulwa abe ngamandla omatshini kwaye ahanjiswe, ngeshafti ukuya kwijenereyitha.Umphunga uphuma kwi-iturbine ukuya kwi-condenser apho uguqulwa ubuyele ekubeni lulwelo.Kwizityalo ezininzi, amanzi okupholisa ajikeleziswa phakathi kwecondenser kunye nenqaba yokupholisa ukwala obu bushushu emoyeni.Enye indlela kukusebenzisa oko kubizwa ngokuba zii-“dry coolers” okanye iicondenser ezipholisa umoya ezilandula ubushushu ngqo emoyeni ngaphandle kwesidingo samanzi okupholisa.Olu yilo luphelisa nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okutyiwa sisityalo ukupholisa.Ukupholisa okomileyo, kuba kusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (ingakumbi kwixesha lexesha lasehlotyeni elingundoqo) kuneenqaba zokupholisa kukhokelela ekusebenzeni okuphantsi kwezityalo.Ulwelo olusebenzayo olululwelo olusuka kwicondenser lumpontshelwa lubuyele kwi-preheater/i-vaporizer yoxinzelelo oluphezulu yimpompo yokutya ukuphinda umjikelo.
Umjikelo wokubini luhlobo lwesityalo esinokusetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kobushushu obuphantsi be-geothermal.Okwangoku, izixhobo zebinary eziphuma kwi-shelf zifumaneka kwiimodyuli ze-200 ukuya kwi-1,000 kW.
IZINTO EZISEMANDLA EZITYALO
Amacandelo oMbane woMbane
Inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane osuka kumthombo wobushushu obuphantsi be-geothermal (okanye ukusuka kumphunga kwisikhululo samandla esiqhelekileyo) ibandakanya inkqubo yeenjineli ezibhekiselele kuyo njengoMjikelo weRankine.Kwisixhobo sombane esiqhelekileyo, umjikelo, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso woku-1, uquka ibhoyila, i-injini yomoya, ijenereyitha, i-condenser, impompo yamanzi esondlo, inqaba yokupholisa kunye nempompo yamanzi okupholisa.Umphunga wenziwa kwibhoyila ngokutshisa amafutha (amalahle, i-oyile, igesi okanye iuranium).Umphunga ugqithiselwa kwiinjini yomoya apho, ekwandiseni ngokuchasene neencakuba zeinjini yomoya, amandla obushushu kumphunga aguqulelwa kumandla oomatshini abangela ukujikeleza kweinjini yomoya.Le ntshukumo yomatshini idluliswa, ngokusebenzisa i-shaft kwi-generator apho iguqulwa ibe namandla ombane.Emva kokudlula kwi-iturbine umphunga uguqulwa ubuyele kumanzi angamanzi kwicondenser yeplanti yombane.Ngenkqubo yokujiya, ubushushu obungasetyenziswanga yiinjini yomoya bukhutshelwa emanzini apholisayo.Amanzi okupholisa, ahanjiswa kwinqaba yokupholisa apho "ubushushu benkunkuma" obuvela kumjikelo bunqatshelwe emoyeni.I-condensate yomphunga ihanjiswa kwibhoyila ngempompo yokutya ukuphinda inkqubo.
Isishwankathelo, iplanti yamandla ingumjikelo nje oququzelela ukuguqulwa kwamandla ukusuka kwenye indlela ukuya kwenye.Kule meko amandla ekhemikhali kumafutha aguqulwa abe kubushushu (kwibhoyila), kwaye emva koko abe namandla omatshini (kwi-injini yomoya) kwaye ekugqibeleni abe namandla ombane (kwijenereyitha).Nangona umxholo wamandla wemveliso yokugqibela, umbane, uqhele ukubonakaliswa ngokweeyunithi zeewatts-iiyure okanye iikilowatt-yure (1000 watt-hours okanye 1kW-hr), izibalo zokusebenza kwezityalo zikholisa ukwenziwa kwiiyunithi ze-BTU's.Kukulungele ukukhumbula ukuba i-1 kilowatt-yure yi-energy elingana ne-3413 BTU.Olunye uqingqo olubalulekileyo malunga nomzi-mveliso wamandla kukuba angakanani na amandla egalelo (amafutha) afunekayo ukuvelisa umbane onikiweyo.
I-Subsea Umbilicals
Imisebenzi ephambili
Ukubonelela ngamandla okwenziwa kolwelo olwenziwa ngamanzi kwiisistim zolawulo lwangaphantsi kolwandle, njengokuvula/ukuvala iivalvu
Ukubonelela ngamandla ombane kunye nemiqondiso yokulawula kwiinkqubo zokulawula ulwandle
Hambisa imichiza yemveliso yenaliti engaphantsi kolwandle emthini okanye kumngxuma ongaphantsi
Hambisa irhasi ukuze isebenze
Ukuhambisa le misebenzi, i-umbilical yamanzi enzulu ingabandakanya
Imibhobho yokutofa ngemichiza
Iityhubhu zokubonelela nge-hydraulic
Iintambo zolawulo lombane
Iintambo zoMbane zoMbane
Uphawu lweFiber optic
Iityhubhu ezinkulu zokunyusa igesi
I-subsea umbilical yindibano ye-hydraulic hoses enokuthi ibandakanye iintambo zombane okanye ii-optic fibers, ezisetyenziselwa ukulawula izakhiwo zangaphantsi kolwandle ukusuka kwiqonga elingaselunxwemeni okanye inqanawa edadayo.Yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuvelisa i-subsea, ngaphandle kwayo imveliso yepetroleum ezinzileyo yoqoqosho engaphantsi kolwandle ayinakwenzeka.
Amacandelo Angundoqo
Indibano ye-Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA)
I-Topside Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA) ibonelela ngokudibana phakathi kwentloko ye-umbilical kunye nezixhobo zokulawula eziphezulu.Le yunithi yindawo yokuma ekhululekileyo enokuthi ibotshwe ngebhanti okanye idityaniswe kwindawo ekufuphi ne-umbilical hang-off kwindawo enobungozi evulelekileyo phezu kwendawo engaphezulu.Ezi yunithi zihlala zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo kwiimfuno zabathengi ngombono we-hydraulic, pneumatic, amandla, umqondiso, i-fiber optic, kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo.
I-TUTA idla ngokubandakanya iibhokisi zokuhlangana zombane zamandla ombane kunye neentambo zonxibelelwano, kunye nomsebenzi wetyhubhu, iigeji, kunye nebloko kunye neevalvu zokopha ukubonelela nge-hydraulic kunye neekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo.
(Subsea) Umbilical Termination Assembly (UTA)
I-UTA, ehleli phezu kodaka lodaka, i-multi-plexed electro-hydraulic system ivumela iimodyuli ezininzi zokulawula i-subsea ukuba zidibaniswe kunxibelelwano olufanayo, umbane kunye nemigca yokubonelela nge-hydraulic.Isiphumo kukuba amaqula amaninzi anokulawulwa ngenkaba enye.Ukusuka kwi-UTA, ukudibaniswa kwamaqula kunye nee-SCM zenziwa ngeendibano ze-jumper.
IiNkokheli zeNsimbi ezibhabhayo (SFL)
Iinqwelo zokuhamba zibonelela ngoqhagamshelwano lombane / ihydraulic / chemicals ukusuka kwi-UTA ukuya kwimithi nganye / iipod zokulawula.Bayinxalenye yenkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwe-subsea ehambisa imisebenzi ye-umbilical kwiinjongo zabo zenkonzo ekujoliswe kuzo.Ngokuqhelekileyo zifakwe emva kwe-umbilical kwaye zixhunywe yi-ROV.
Izinto zeUmbilical
Ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zesicelo, ezi mathiriyeli zilandelayo zidla ngokufumaneka:
Thermoplastic
Iinzuzo: Ixabiso eliphantsi, ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokumelana nokudinwa
Cons: Ayifanelanga amanzi anzulu;ingxaki yokuhambelana kweekhemikhali;ukwaluphala, njl.
IZinc igqunywe iNitronic 19D duplex intsimbi engatyiwayo
IiPros:
Ixabiso eliphantsi xa lithelekiswa nentsimbi ephindwe kabini (SDSS)
Amandla esivuno esiphezulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-316L
Ukumelana nomhlwa kwangaphakathi
Iyahambelana ne-hydraulic kunye neyona nkonzo yenaliti yeekhemikhali
Ufanelekile kwinkonzo eguqukayo
Ububi:
Ukukhuselwa kwe-corrosion yangaphandle efunekayo - i-zinc ekhutshiweyo
Iinkxalabo malunga nokuthembeka kwe-seam welds kwezinye iisayizi
Iityhubhu zinzima kwaye zikhulu kune-SDSS efanayo - zixhoma kunye neenkxalabo zofakelo
iStainless Steel 316L
IiPros:
Ixabiso eliphantsi
Ifuna ukhuseleko oluncinci okanye akukho cathodic ngexesha elifutshane
Amandla esivuno esiphantsi
Ukukhuphisana ne-thermoplastic yoxinzelelo oluphantsi, i-tiebacks yamanzi enzulu-ixabiso eliphantsi kubomi obufutshane bentsimi
Ububi:
Awufanelekanga kwinkonzo eguqukayo
I-chloride pitting iyachaphazeleka
I-Super Duplex Stainless Steel (I-Pitting Resistance Equivalent - PRE >40)
IiPros:
Amandla aphezulu athetha i-diameter encinci, ubunzima obulula bokufakelwa kunye nokuxhoma.
Ukumelana okuphezulu noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking kwiindawo ze-chloride (i-pitting resistance resistance> 40) ithetha ukuba akukho ngubo okanye i-CP efunekayo.
Inkqubo yokwandisa ithetha ukuba akukho nzima-ukuhlola i-welds yomthungo.
Ububi:
Ukubunjwa kwesigaba se-Inter-metallic (sigma) ngexesha lokwenziwa kunye ne-welding kufuneka ilawulwe.
Elona xabiso liphezulu, elona xesha lide leentsimbi ezisetyenziselwa imibhobho ye-umbilical
I-zinc coated carbon steel (ZCCS)
IiPros:
Ixabiso eliphantsi xa lithelekiswa ne-SDSS
Ufanelekile kwinkonzo eguqukayo
Ububi:
Umthungo welding
Ukunganyangeki kokutya kwaNgaphakathi kune-19D
Ubunzima kunye nobukhulu bedayamitha xa kuthelekiswa ne-SDSS
I-Umbilical commissioning
Iinkaba ezisanda kufakwa zidla ngokuba nolwelo olugcina kuzo.Ulwelo olugciniweyo kufuneka lugxothwe ziimveliso ezicetywayo phambi kokuba zisetyenziselwe imveliso.Ukhathalelo kufuneka luthatyathwe ukujonga iingxaki zokungahambelani ezinokukhokelela kwimvula kwaye ibangele ukuba iityhubhu ze-umbilical zifakwe.Ulwelo olululo lwe-buffer luyafuneka ukuba ukungahambelani kulindeleke.Umzekelo, ukumisela umgca we-asphaltene inhibitor, isinyibilikisi esifana ne-EGMBE siyafuneka ukubonelela ngesithinteli phakathi kwe-asphaltene inhibitor kunye nolwelo lokugcina njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo azihambelani.