Imigca yokutofa yeMichiza yeDownhole-Kutheni Zisilela?Amava, imingeni kunye nokuSetyenziswa kweNdlela eziNtsha zoVavanyo
Ilungelo lokushicilela ngo-2012, uMbutho weeNjineli zePetroleum
Abstract
I-Statoil isebenza kwiindawo ezininzi apho inaliti ye-downhole eqhubekayo ye-scale inhibitor isetyenziswa.Injongo kukukhusela iityhubhu ephezulu kunye nevalve yokhuseleko kwi(Ba/Sr) SO4orCaCO;isikali, kwiimeko apho ukucudisa kunokuba nzima kwaye kuyabiza ukwenza rhoqo, umz. ukudityaniswa kwamabala angaphantsi kolwandle.
Isitofu esiqhubekayo se-scale inhibitor downhole sisisombululo esifanelekileyo ngokobuchwepheshe ukukhusela i-tubhing ephezulu kunye nevalve yokhuseleko kwimingxuma enokuba namandla ngaphezu kwepakethe yemveliso;ngakumbi kumaqula ekungafunekiyo ukuba acudiwe rhoqo ngenxa yokwanda komlinganiselo kwindawo ekufutshane yomthombo.
Ukuyila, ukusebenza kunye nokugcina imigca yokutofa kweekhemikhali kufuna ugxininiso olongezelelweyo ekukhetheni izinto eziphathekayo, ukufaneleka kweekhemikhali kunye nokubeka iliso.Uxinzelelo, ubushushu, ii-flow-regimes kunye nejometri yenkqubo inokwazisa imingeni ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo.Imingeni ichongiwe kwiikhilomitha eziliqela 'imigca yokutofa emide ukusuka kwindawo yokuvelisa ukuya kwithempleyithi engaphantsi kolwandle nakwizivalo zenaliti ezantsi emingxunyeni.
Amava ommandla abonisa ukuntsokotha kweenkqubo zokutofa eziqhubekayo zokuhlisa umngxuma malunga nemvula nemiba yokudleka kuxoxwe ngayo.Izifundo zaselabhoratri kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezintsha zokufaneleka kweekhemikhali zimelwe.Iimfuno zamanyathelo ohlukeneyo ziyaqwalaselwa.
Intshayelelo
I-Statoil isebenza kwiindawo ezininzi apho i-downhole eqhubekayo yokutofa imichiza iye yafakwa.Oku kubandakanya ikakhulu inaliti ye-scale inhibitor(SI) apho injongo ikukukhusela ityhubhu ephezulu kunye nevalve yokhuseleko lomngxuma osezantsi (DHSV) ukusuka ku-(Ba/Sr) SO4orCaCO;isikali.Kwezinye iimeko i-emulsion breaker ifakwe kwi-downhole ukuqalisa inkqubo yokwahlukana ngokunzulu kwiqula kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.
Isitofu esiqhubekayo se-scale inhibitor downhole sisisombululo esifanelekileyo ngokobuchwepheshe ukukhusela indawo ephezulu yamaqula anesakhono sokukala ngaphezu kwepaki yemveliso.Isitofu esiqhubekayo sinokucetyiswa ngakumbi kwimithombo ekungafunekiyo ukuba icudiswe ngenxa yesakhono esisezantsi sokukaleka kumngxuma okufutshane;okanye kwiimeko apho ukucudisana kusenokuba nzima kwaye kuyabiza ukwenziwa rhoqo, umz. ukudityaniswa kwamabala angaphantsi kolwandle.
I-Statoil inolwazi olwandisiweyo malunga nenaliti yeekhemikhali eqhubekayo kwiinkqubo ezingaphezulu kunye neetemplates ze-subsea kodwa umceli mngeni omtsha kukuthatha indawo yokutofa ngokunzulu equleni.Ukuyila, ukusebenza kunye nokugcina imigca yokutofa kwemichiza kufuna ugxininiso olongezelelweyo kwizihloko ezininzi;njengokukhethwa kwezinto, ukufaneleka kweekhemikhali kunye nokubeka iliso.Uxinzelelo, ubushushu, ii-flow-regimes kunye nejometri yenkqubo inokwazisa imingeni ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo.Imingeni emide (iikhilomitha eziliqela) imigca yokutofa ukusuka kwindawo yokuvelisa ukuya kwithempleyithi engaphantsi kolwandle nakwizivalo zenaliti ezantsi emaquleni ichongiwe;Isazobe.1.Ezinye zeenkqubo zokutofa zisebenze ngokwesicwangciso, ngelixa ezinye ziye zasilela ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo.Kucetywe uphuhliso oluninzi lwemimandla emitsha ye-downhole chemical injection (DHCI);nangona kunjalo;kwezinye iimeko izixhobo azikafaneleki ngokupheleleyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-DHCI ngumsebenzi onzima.Ibandakanya ukugqitywa kunye noyilo lwamaqula, ikhemistri yemithombo, inkqubo ye-topside kunye nenkqubo yedosi yeekhemikhali yenkqubo ye-topside.Ikhemikhali iya kumpontshelwa ukusuka phezulu ngomgca wokutofa kweekhemikhali ukuya kwisixhobo sokugqibezela nokuhla ukuya equleni.Yiyo loo nto, ekucebeni nasekuphunyezweni kolu hlobo lwentsebenziswano yeprojekthi phakathi kwamacandelo amaninzi ibalulekile.Iingqwalasela ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zivavanywe kwaye unxibelelwano oluhle ngexesha loyilo lubalulekile.Iinjineli zenkqubo, iinjineli ze-subsea kunye neenjineli zokugqiba zibandakanyeka, zijongene nezihloko zekhemistri ye-well chemistry, ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhamba kunye nokulawulwa kweekhemikhali zemveliso.Imingeni ingaba yinkosi yeekhemikhali okanye ukuzinza kweqondo lokushisa, ukubola kwaye kwezinye iimeko impembelelo ye-vacuum ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwendawo kunye nemiphumo yokuhamba kumgca wokutofa kweekhemikhali.Ukongeza kwezi, iimeko ezifana noxinzelelo oluphezulu, ubushushu obuphezulu, izinga eliphezulu legesi, amandla aphezulu okunyuka,umgama omde we-umbilical kunye nendawo yokutofa enzulu equleni, ukunika imiceli mngeni eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa kunye neemfuno kwikhemikhali etofwayo kunye nakwivalve yesitofu.
Isishwankathelo seenkqubo ze-DHCI ezifakwe kwimisebenzi ye-Statoil ibonisa ukuba amava awazange ahlale eyimpumelelo kwiThebhile 1. Nangona kunjalo, ukucwangciswa kokuphuculwa koyilo lwenaliti, ukufaneleka kweekhemikhali, ukusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kwenziwa.Imingeni iyahluka ukusuka kwintsimi ukuya kwintsimi, kwaye ingxaki ayikuko ukuba ivalve yesitofu sekhemikhali ngokwayo ayisebenzi.
Kwiminyaka edlulileyo imiceli mngeni emininzi malunga nemigca yokutofa kweekhemikhali ye-downhole ifunyenwe.Kweli phepha imizekelo inikwe kula mava.Iphepha lixoxa ngemingeni kunye namanyathelo athathiweyo ukusombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene nemigca yeDHCI.Iimbali zamatyala amabini zinikiwe;enye ikwi-corrosion kwaye enye ikwi-chemical gun king.Amava ommandla abonisa ukuntsokotha kweenkqubo zokutofa eziqhubekayo zokuhlisa umngxuma malunga nemvula nemiba yokudleka kuxoxwe ngayo.
Izifundo zaselabhoratri kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezintsha zokufumana isiqinisekiso sekhemikhali nazo ziyaqwalaselwa;indlela yokumpompa imichiza, amandla okulinganisa kunye nokuthintela, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinzima kunye nendlela imichiza eya kuchaphazela ngayo inkqubo ye-topside xa ikhemikhali iveliswa emva.Indlela yokwamkela usetyenziso lweekhemikhali ibandakanya imiba yokusingqongileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle, indawo yokugcina umthamo ophezulu, umyinge wempompo, nokuba impompo ekhoyo ingasetyenziswa, njl. njl. kunye nemathiriyeli kwindawo engqonge le migca.Umchiza unokufuna ukuvalelwa kwe-hydrate ukuthintela ukutsalwa komgca wokutofa kuhlaselo lwerhasi kwaye imichiza mayingakhenkcezi ngexesha lothutho nokugcinwa kwalo.Kwizikhokelo zangaphakathi ezikhoyo kukho uluhlu lokutshekisha apho iikhemikhali zingasetyenziswa kwindawo nganye kwinkqubo Iipropati zePhysical ezifana ne-viscosity zibalulekile.Inkqubo yokutofa inokuthetha umgama oyi-3-50km we-umbilical subsea flow line kunye ne-1-3km ezantsi equleni.Ngenxa yoko, ukuzinza kobushushu nako kubalulekile.Uphononongo lweziphumo ezisezantsi zomlambo, umz. kwiindawo zokucokisa kusenokufuneka ziqwalaselwe.
Iinkqubo zokutofa kweekhemikhali ze-Downhole
Ixabiso lenzuzo
Inaliti eqhubekayo yesikali sokuthintela umngxuma ukukhusela i-DHS Vor iityhubhu yemveliso inokuba neendleko ezifanelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nokucudisa iqula nge-scale inhibitor.Esi sicelo sinciphisa ukwenzeka komonakalo wokwakheka xa kuthelekiswa nesikali sonyango, sinciphisa ukubakho kweengxaki zenkqubo emva kokucudisa isikali kwaye sinika ithuba lokulawula umlinganiselo wenaliti yemichiza ukusuka kwinkqubo yokutofa kwicala eliphezulu.Isixokelelwano sokutofa singasetyenziselwa ukutofa ezinye iikhemikhali ngokuthe gqolo ukudiliza umngxuma kwaye ngaloo ndlela inokunciphisa eminye imingeni enokuthi yenzeke ngakumbi kumjelo weplanti yenkqubo.
Uphononongo olubanzi lwenziwe luphuhlisa isicwangciso somlinganiselo we-downhole we-Oseberg S okanye indawo.Eyona nkxalabo inkulu yayiyiCaCO;ukukala kwityhubhu ephezulu kunye nokusilela kwe-DHSV okunokwenzeka.I-Oseberg S okanye ukuqwalaselwa kwesicwangciso solawulo lwesikali kuye kwafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu, i-DHCI yaba sesona sisombululo sineendleko eziphezulu kumaqula apho imigca yokutofa ngemichiza yayisebenza.Eyona nto iphambili yeendleko ngokumalunga nokhuphiswano lobuchule bokucudisa isikali yayiyi-oyile ebekelwe bucala endaweni yeendleko zekhemikhali/zokusebenza.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-scale inhibitor ekunyusweni kwerhasi, eyona nto iphambili kwixabiso lemichiza yayilizinga eliphezulu lokunyuswa kwerhasi elikhokelela kugxininiso lwe-SI oluphezulu, njengoko ugxininiso bekufuneka lulungelelaniswe nezinga lokunyuswa kwerhasi ukunqanda ukumkani wompu wekhemikhali.Kumaqula amabini ase-Oseberg S okanye ebenemigca yeDHC I esebenza kakuhle, olu khetho lwakhethwa ukukhusela i-DHS V's ngokuchasene neCaCO;ukukala.
Inkqubo yokutofa ngokuqhubekayo kunye neevalvu
Izisombululo ezikhoyo zokugqitywa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zokutofa kweekhemikhali eziqhubekayo zijongene nemingeni yokuthintela ukuplagiswa kwemigca ye-capillary.Ngokuqhelekileyo inkqubo yokutofwa ibandakanya umgca we-capillary, 1/4" okanye 3/8" ngaphandle kwedayamitha (OD), edityaniswe phezulu kwindawo eninzi, yondliwe-kwaye iqhagamshelwe kwi-hanger yetyhubhu kwicala lonyaka letyhubhu.Umgca we-capillary uncanyathiselwe kwidayamitha yangaphandle yetyhubhu yemveliso ngamaqhosha akhethekileyo etyhubhu yeetyhubhu kwaye aqhube ngaphandle kwetyhubhu yonke indlela ezantsi kwi-mandrel yenaliti yemichiza.I mandrel ngokwemveli ibekwe phezulu-umsinga DHS V okanye nzulu equleni ngenjongo yokunika ikhemikhali etofelweyo ixesha elaneleyo lokusasazwa kunye nokubeka imichiza apho imingeni ifumaneka.
Kwi-valve yesitofu sekhemikhali, i-Fig.2, i-cartridge encinci malunga ne-1.5 "ububanzi iqulethe iivalve zokutshekisha ezithintela ulwelo lwe-wellbore ukuba lungene kumgca we-capillary.Yinto nje encinci yepapa ekhwele emthonjeni.Amandla asentwasahlobo abeka kwaye aqikelele uxinzelelo olufunekayo ukuze uvule i-poppet kwisihlalo sokutywina.Xa imichiza iqala ukuhamba, ipapa iyaphakanyiswa esihlalweni sayo kwaye ivule ivalve yokutshekisha.
Kuyafuneka ukuba kufakwe iivalve ezimbini zokujonga.Ivalve enye sesona sithintelo sithintela ulwelo lwequla ekungeneni kumgca wecapillary.Oku kunoxinzelelo oluncinci lokuvula (i-2-15bars) .Ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic ngaphakathi komgca we-capillary lungaphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-wellbore, i-wellbore fluids iya kuzama ukungena kumgca we-capillary.Enye ivalve yokukhangela inoxinzelelo lokuvula i-atypical ye-130-250 imivalo kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokukhusela i-U-tube.Le valve inqanda imichiza engaphakathi kumgca we-capillary ukuba ihambe ngokukhululekileyo kumthombo womthombo ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic ngaphakathi komgca we-capillary lube lukhulu kunoxinzelelo lwequla kwindawo yokutofa ngemichiza ngaphakathi kwityhubhu yokuvelisa.
Ukongeza kwezi zivalo zimbini zokutshekisha, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho isihluzo esisemgceni, injongo yoku kukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nkunkuma yalo naluphi na uhlobo olunokubeka emngciphekweni amandla okutywinwa kweenkqubo zevalvu yokutshekisha.
Ubungakanani beevalvu zokutshekisha ezichaziweyo zincinci, kwaye ukucoceka kolwelo olutofiweyo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwabo.Kukholelwa ukuba i-debris kwinkqubo inokutshitshiswa ngokunyusa i-flowrate ngaphakathi komgca we-capillary, ukwenzela ukuba ii-valve zokutshekisha zivuleke ngokuzithandela.
Xa i-valve yokutshekisha ivula, uxinzelelo oluhambayo luyancipha ngokukhawuleza kwaye lusasaza umgca we-capillary de uxinzelelo luphinde lwande.Ivalve yokutshekisha iya kuvala ke de ukuhamba kweekhemikhali kwakha uxinzelelo olwaneleyo lokuvula ivalve;isiphumo si-oscillations yoxinzelelo kwinkqubo yevalve yokutshekisha.Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokuvula inkqubo ye-valve yokutshekisha, indawo encinci yokuhamba isekelwe xa i-valve yokujonga ivula kwaye inkqubo izama ukufezekisa iimeko zokulingana.
Iivalvu zesitofu sekhemikhali zinoxinzelelo oluphantsi lokuvula;kwaye ukuba uxinzelelo lwetyhubhu kwindawo yokungena imichiza lungaphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic lweekhemikhali ngaphakathi komgca we-capillary kunye noxinzelelo lokuvula ivalvu yokutshekisha, kufutshane nevacuum okanye ivacuum iya kwenzeka kumntla womgca we-capillary.Xa inaliti yeekhemikhali iyeka okanye ukuhamba kweekhemikhali kuphantsi, kufutshane neemeko zevacuum ziya kuqala ukwenzeka kwicandelo elingasentla lomgca we-capillary.
Inqanaba le-vacuum lixhomekeke kuxinzelelo lwe-wellbore, ubunzima obuthile bomxube weekhemikhali ezitofwayo ezisetyenziswe ngaphakathi komgca we-capillary, i-valve yokukhangela i-valve yokuvula uxinzelelo kwindawo yokutofa kunye nokuhamba kweekhemikhali ngaphakathi komgca we-capillary.Iimeko zequla ziya kwahluka kubomi bentsimi kwaye amandla okuvula ivacuum aya kwahluka ixesha elongezelelweyo.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela le meko ukuthatha ingqwalasela efanelekileyo kunye nesilumkiso phambi kokuba imingeni elindelekileyo yenzeke.
Kunye namazinga asezantsi enaliti, ngokwesiqhelo izinyibilikisi ezisetyenziswa kolu didi lwezicelo ziyaphuphuma zibangele iziphumo ezingekaphononongwa ngokupheleleyo.Ezi ziphumo ziyinkosi yompu okanye imvula yezinto eziqinileyo, umzekelo iipholima, xa i-solvent inyuka.
Ngaphaya koko, iiseli zegalvanic zinokubunjwa kwisigaba sotshintsho phakathi komphezulu wolwelo lwekhemikhali kunye nomphunga ozaliswe kufutshane nesigaba segesi yokufunxa apha ngasentla.Oku kunokukhokelela kwi-corrosion yendawo ngaphakathi kwi-capillary line ngenxa yokwanda kobundlongondlongo bekhemikhali phantsi kwezi meko.Iiflekhi okanye iikristale zetyuwa ezenziwe njengefilimu ngaphakathi komgca we-capillary njengoko ingaphakathi layo lisoma lingenza i-jam okanye iplage umgca we-capillary.
Kulungile umqobo ifilosofi
Xa kuyilwa izisombululo zequla ezomeleleyo, iStatoil ifuna ukuba ukhuseleko lwequla lubekho ngamaxesha onke ngexesha lomjikelo wobomi bequla.Ke, iStatoil ifuna ukuba kubekho imiqobo emibini ezimeleyo yamaqula engaguqukiyo.Isazobe sesi-3 sibonakalisa isikhewu esingaqhelekanga somqobo, apho umbala ozuba umela imvulophu engundoqo yomqobo;kule meko iityhubhu yemveliso.Umbala obomvu umele imvulophu yesithintelo sesibini;ingxowa.Kwicala lasekhohlo kumzobo inaliti yekhemikhali ibonakaliswe njengomgca omnyama onendawo yokutofa kwityhubhu yemveliso kwindawo ephawulwe bomvu (umqobo wesibini).Ngokuzisa iinkqubo zokutofa kweekhemikhali equleni, zombini izithintelo eziphambili kunye nesekondari zisengozini.
Imbali yetyala kukonakala
Ulandelelwano lweziganeko
Inaliti yekhemikhali ye-Downhole ye-scale inhibitor isetyenziswe kwi-oilfield esetyenziswa yi-Statoil kwi-Norwegian Continental Shelf.Kule meko i-scale inhibitor esetyenzisiweyo yayisele ifanelekile kwi-topside kunye ne-subsea application.Ukuzaliswa kwakhona kwequla kwalandelwa ukufakwa kwe-DHCIpointat2446mMD, Fig.3.Inaliti yomngxuma we-topside scale inhibitor yaqalwa ngaphandle kovavanyo olongezelelweyo lwekhemikhali.
Emva konyaka omnye wokwenziwa komsebenzi ukuvuza okuvuzayo kwisixokelelwano sokutofa ngemichiza kwajongwa kwaye nophando lwaqaliswa.Ukuvuza kube nefuthe elibi kwizithintelo zamaqula.Iziganeko ezifanayo zenzeke kumaqula amaninzi kwaye amanye kuye kwafuneka avalwe ngelixa uphando lusaqhubeka.
Ityhubhu yemveliso yatsalwa kwaye yafundwa ngokweenkcukacha.Uhlaselo lomhlwa lwalulinganiselwe kwelinye icala letyhubhu, kwaye amanye amalungu etyhubhu ayenomhlwa kangangokuba kwakukho imingxunya kuwo.Malunga ne-8.5mm ubukhulu be-3% yentsimbi ye-chrome iye yadilika ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezi-8.Umhlwa ongundoqo wenzeke kwicandelo eliphezulu lequla, ukusuka kumthombo ukuya kutsho malunga ne-380m MD, kwaye iindawo ezidityanisiweyo zetyhubhu zifunyenwe malunga ne-350m MD.Ezantsi kobu bunzulu kukhe kwabonwa umhlwa okanye akukho mhlwa, kodwa uninzi lwenkunkuma luye lwafunyanwa kwii-OD's zetyhubhu.
I-9-5 / 8'' casing nayo yasikwa kwaye yatsalwa kwaye iziphumo ezifanayo zabonwa;kunye nomhlwa kwicandelo eliphezulu lequla kwelinye icala kuphela.Ukuvuza okubangelwayo kubangelwa kukugqabhuka kwecandelo elibuthathaka le-casing.
Isixhobo somgca wenaliti yeekhemikhali yayiyi-Alloy 825.
Isiqinisekiso sekhemikhali
Iipropati zemichiza kunye novavanyo lwe-corrosion zibalulekile kugxininiso kwisiqinisekiso se-scale inhibitors kwaye eyona inhibitor yesikali sele ifanelekile kwaye isetyenziswe kwi-topside kunye ne-subsea izicelo iminyaka emininzi.Isizathu sokugalela owona mngxuma wemichiza uphuculwe ziimpawu zokusingqongileyo ngokutshintsha umchiza okhoyo womngxuma osezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, isithinteli se-scale inhibitor sisetyenziswe kuphela kwindawo engaphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu olwandle (4-20℃).Xa utofelwe equleni ubushushu bekhemikhali bunokuba phezulu ukuya kuma-90℃, kodwa akukho luvavanyo lungaphaya lwenziwe kobu bushushu.
Iimvavanyo zokuqala ze-corrosivity zenziwe ngumthengisi weekhemikhali kwaye iziphumo zibonise i-2-4mm / ngonyaka we-carbon steel kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.Ngexesha lesi sigaba kuye kwakho ubandakanyo oluncinci lwesakhono sobugcisa bomsebenzi.Uvavanyo olutsha kamva lwenziwa ngumqhubi obonisa ukuba isikali se-inhibitor sonakalise kakhulu izinto ezikwityhubhu yemveliso kunye ne-casing yemveliso, kunye namazinga okubola adlula i-70mm / ngonyaka.Isixhobo se-chemical injection line I-alloy 825 ayizange ivavanywe kwi-scale inhibitor ngaphambi kokutofa.Ubushushu bomthombo bunokufikelela kwi-90℃ kwaye uvavanyo olwaneleyo bekufanele ukuba lwenziwe phantsi kwezi meko.
Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba i-scale inhibitor njengesisombululo esigxininisiweyo siye sabika i-pH ye-<3.0.Nangona kunjalo, i-pH ayizange ilinganiswe.Kamva i-pH elinganisiweyo ibonise ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu le-pH 0-1.Oku kubonisa imfuneko yemilinganiselo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwezinto eziphathekayo ukongeza kumaxabiso anikiweyo e-pH.
Ukutolikwa kweziphumo
Umgca we-injection (Fig.3) wakhiwe ukunika uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic ye-inhibitor yesikali edlula uxinzelelo kakuhle kwindawo yokutofa.Isithinteli sitofwa kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kunolo lukhoyo kumthombo.Oku kubangela isiphumo se-U-tube xa kuvalwe equleni.I-valve iya kuhlala ivula ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu kumgca we-injection kunokuba kumthombo.Ukufunxa okanye ukuphuphuma komphunga kumgca wokutofa kunokuthi kwenzeke.Izinga lomhlwa kunye nomngcipheko wokugalela mkhulu kwigesi/kwindawo yotshintsho yolwelo ngenxa yokumka komphunga kwesinyibilikisi.Uvavanyo lwelabhoratri olwenziwe kwiikhuphoni luyiqinisekisile le nkcazo.Kwimingxuma apho ukuvuza kufunyenwe khona, yonke imingxuma kwimigca yokutofa yayibekwe kwindawo ephezulu yomgca wokutofa ngemichiza.
Umfanekiso wesi-4 ubonisa ukufotwa kwe-DHC I line kunye ne-corrosion ebalulekileyo yemigodi.Umhlwa obonwe kwityhubhu yemveliso yangaphandle ibonise ukuba sesichengeni sesithintelo sesikali ukusuka kwindawo yokuvuza yomngxuma.Ukuvuza kubangelwe kukuhlwa kwemingxuma yikhemikhali edla kakhulu kunye nokuvuza ngomgca wokutofa ngemichiza kwingxowa yemveliso.Isithinteli sesikali satshizwa ukusuka kumgca wecapillary epitted ukuya kwicasing kunye netyhubhu kwaye kwenzeka ukuvuza.Naziphi na iziphumo zesibini zokuvuza kumgca wokutofa azizange ziqwalaselwe.Kwagqitywa ukuba i-casing-kunye ne-tubing corrosion yaba sisiphumo se-concentrated scale inhibitors ethandazwayo ukusuka kumgca we-capillary odibeneyo ukuya kwi-casing kunye ne-tubing, i-Fig.5.
Kule meko bekukho ukunqongophala kokubandakanyeka kwiinjineli zobuchule bezinto eziphathekayo.I-Corrosivity yekhemikhali kumgca we-DHCI ayizange ihlolwe kwaye imiphumo yesibini ngenxa yokuvuza ayizange ihlolwe;njengokuba ingaba izinto ezijikelezileyo zinokunyamezela ukuvezwa kweekhemikhali.
Imbali yecala lenkosi yemichiza-umpu
Ulandelelwano lweziganeko
Isicwangciso sothintelo lwesikali sentsimi ye-HP HT yayiyinaliti eqhubekayo yesithinteli sokulinganisa phezulu kumjelo wevalve yokhuseleko lomngxuma.I-calcium carbonate scaling enokuthi ibonwe equleni.Omnye wemingeni yayiyiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye negesi ephezulu kunye namazinga okuvelisa i-condensate adityaniswe nezinga eliphantsi lokuvelisa amanzi.Inkxalabo nge-injection scale inhibitor yayikukuba i-solvent iya kuhluthwa yizinga eliphezulu lokuvelisa i-gas kunye ne-gun king yekhemikhali yayiza kwenzeka kwindawo yokutofa phezulu kwi-valve yokukhusela emthonjeni, i-Fig.1.
Ngexesha lokufaneleka kwe-scale inhibitor kugxilwe ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwemveliso kwiimeko ze-HP HT kuquka ukuziphatha kwinkqubo yenkqubo ye-topside (ubushushu obuphantsi).Imvula ye-scale inhibitor ngokwayo kwi-tubing yemveliso ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu legesi yayiyeyona nto ixhalabisayo.Uvavanyo lwaselabhoratri lubonise ukuba i-scale inhibitor inokugaqa kwaye ibambelele eludongeni lwetyhubhu.Ukusebenza kwevalve yokhuseleko ke ngoko kunokoyisa umngcipheko.
Amava abonisa ukuba emva kweeveki ezimbalwa zokusebenza intambo yemichiza yayivuza.Kwakunokwenzeka ukubeka esweni uxinzelelo lwe-wellbore kwi-gauge yomhlaba efakwe kumgca we-capillary.Umgca wahlukaniswa ukuze ufumane ingqibelelo kakuhle.
Umgca wokutofa kweekhemikhali watsalwa ngaphandle kwequla, wavulwa wahlolwa ukuze ufumanise ingxaki kwaye kufunyanwe izizathu ezinokwenzeka zokungaphumeleli.Njengoko kunokubonwa kwi-Fig.6, inani elibalulekileyo le-precipitate lifunyenwe kwaye uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali lubonise ukuba enye yale nto yayiyi-scale inhibitor.Imvula yayikwitywina kwaye ipapa kunye nevalve ayikwazanga kuqhutywa.
Ukungaphumeleli kwevalve kubangelwe bubutyobo obungaphakathi kwenkqubo yevalve ethintela iivalve zokujonga ukutya kwintsimbi ukuya kwisitulo sentsimbi.I-debris ihlolwe kwaye iinqununu eziphambili zibonakaliswe ukuba ziyi-shavings zetsimbi, mhlawumbi ziveliswa ngexesha lokufakela umgca we-capillary.Ukongeza, enye inkunkuma emhlophe ichongiwe kuzo zombini iivalvu zokutshekisha ngakumbi ngasemva kweevalvu.Eli licala loxinzelelo oluphantsi, okt icala liya kuhlala lidibana nolwelo lwequla.Ekuqaleni, oku bekukholelwa ukuba bubutyobo obuphuma kumbhobho wemveliso kuba iivalvu bezixinene zivuleke kwaye zavezwa kulwelo lwequla.Kodwa ukuvavanya ubutyobo bungqineke buziipolima ezinekhemikhali efanayo nekhemikhali esetyenziswa njenge-scale inhibitor.Oku kwabamba umdla wethu kwaye i-Statoil yafuna ukuphonononga izizathu ezisemva kobu bubutyobo bepolymer bukhoyo kumgca we-capillary.
Isiqinisekiso sekhemikhali
Kwintsimi ye-HP HT kukho imingeni emininzi ngokubhekiselele ekukhethweni kweekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo zokunciphisa iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zemveliso.Kwisiqinisekiso se-scale inhibitor ye-injection eqhubekayo yokutofa, olu vavanyo lulandelayo lwenziwa:
● Uzinzo lwemveliso
● Ukuguga ngokushushu
● Iimvavanyo zentsebenzo enamandla
● Ukuhambelana nokuqulunqwa kwamanzi kunye ne-hydrate inhibitor (MEG)
● Uvavanyo oluqinileyo noluguquguqukayo lwenkosi yompu
● Ulwazi lokuchithwa kwakhona kwamanzi, imichiza entsha kunye ne-MEG
Ikhemikhali iya kutofwa ngeqondo ledosi emiselweyo,kodwa ukuveliswa kwamanzi akuyi kuhlala rhoqo,oko kukuthi ukutyibilika kwamanzi.Phakathi kwama-slugs amanzi,xa ikhemikhali ingena kumthombo,iyakuhlangatyezwa kushushu,umjelo oqukuqelayo werhasi yehydrocarbon.Oku kufana nokutofa isithinteli sesikali kwisicelo sokunyusa igesi(Fleming etal.2003) .Kunye ne
ubushushu begesi ephezulu,Umngcipheko wokukhutshwa kwento enyibilikayo uphezulu kakhulu kwaye ukumkani wemipu unokubangela ukuvaleka kwevalve yesitofu.Lo ngumngcipheko nakwimichiza eyenziwe ngeqondo eliphezulu lokubila/izinyibilikisi zoxinzelelo lomoya ophantsi kunye nezinye i-Vapor Pressure Depressants(VPD's) .,ukuhamba kwamanzi okwakhiwa,I-MEG kunye / okanye ikhemikhali entsha kufuneka ikwazi ukususa okanye ukunyibilikisa kwakhona ikhemikhali ephelelwe ngamanzi okanye ekhutshwe ngemipu.
Kule meko irig yovavanyo lwelabhoratri inoveli yayiyilwe ukuphinda iimeko eziqukuqelayo kufutshane nezibuko zokutofa kwi-HP/HTg njengenkqubo yemveliso.Iziphumo ezivela kwiimvavanyo zenkosi yompu eziguqukayo zibonisa ukuba phantsi kweemeko ezicetywayo zesicelo ilahleko enkulu ye-solvent yabhalwa.Oku kunokukhokelela kukumkani wompu okhawulezayo kunye nokuvalwa kwendlela yokuhambahamba.Umsebenzi ke ngoko ubonise ukuba kukho umngcipheko omkhulu okhoyo wokutofa kweekhemikhali eziqhubekayo kula maqula ngaphambi kokuveliswa kwamanzi kwaye kwakhokelela kwisigqibo sokulungelelanisa iinkqubo zokuqalisa eziqhelekileyo zale ntsimi, ukulibazisa ukutofa kweekhemikhali de kubonwe ukuphumelela kwamanzi.
Isiqinisekiso se-scale inhibitor ye-injection eqhubekayo yokuhlatywa kwe-injection igxininise kakhulu kwi-solvent stripping kunye ne-gun king ye-scale inhibitor kwindawo yokutofa kunye nakwi-flowline kodwa amandla okumkani wompu kwivalve yesitofu ngokwawo azange avavanywe.Ivalve yesitofu mhlawumbi ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yelahleko enkulu yokunyibilikisa kunye nompu okhawulezayo,Umzobo.6.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kubalulekile ukuba nembono epheleleyo ngesistim;ungagxininisi kuphela kwimingeni yemveliso,kodwa nemingeni enxulumene nokutofwa kwekhemikhali,okt ivalufa yokutofa.
Amava asuka kwamanye amabala
Enye yeengxelo zangaphambili malunga neengxaki zemigca yokutofa kweekhemikhali yomgama omde yayisuka kwi-Gull fak sandVig dis satellite fields (Osa etal.2001) .Imigca yokutofa kwe-subsea yayivalwe ukubunjwa kwe-hydrate ngaphakathi komgca ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwegesi evela kumanzi avelisiweyo. kumgca ngevalve yesitofu.Izikhokelo ezitsha zophuhliso lweekhemikhali zemveliso yolwandle zaphuhliswa.Iimfuno zibandakanya ukususwa kwamasuntswana (ukuhluzwa) kunye nokongezwa kwe-hydrate inhibitor (umzekelo, i-glycol) kuzo zonke izithintelo zamanzi ezisekelwe emanzini ukuba zitofwe kwiitemplates zangaphantsi kolwandle.Uzinzo lwekhemikhali,i-viscosity kunye nokuhambelana (ulwelo kunye nezixhobo) nazo zaqwalaselwa.Ezi mfuno ziye zathathwa ngakumbi kwinkqubo ye-Statoil kwaye ibandakanya inaliti yekhemikhali ye-downhole.
Ngexesha lophuhliso lwe-Oseberg S okanye indawo kwaye kwagqitywa ukuba onke amaqula kufuneka agqitywe ngeenkqubo ze-DHC I (Fleming etal.2006) Injongo yayikukuthintela iCaCO.;ukukala kwityhubhu ephezulu ngenaliti ye-SI.Omnye wemiceli-mngeni emikhulu ngokubhekiselele kwimigca yokutofa kweekhemikhali yayikukufezekisa unxibelelwano phakathi komphezulu kunye nendawo yokuphuma komngxuma.Idayamitha yangaphakathi yomgca wokutofa kweekhemikhali ocuthiweyo ukusuka kwi-7mm ukuya kwi-0.7mm(ID) malunga nevalve yokhuseleko lwe-annulus ngenxa yonyino lwesithuba kunye nokubanako kolwelo olunokuthuthwa ngeli candelo kube nefuthe kumyinge wempumelelo.Amaqula amaninzi eqonga ayenemigca yokutofa kweekhemikhali efakwe iplagi,kodwa isizathu asizange siqondwe.Oololiwe bolwelo olwahlukeneyo (glycol,krwada,condensate,ixylene,isikali inhibitor,amanzi njl.;nangona kunjalo,inhibitor yesikali ekujoliswe kuyo ayikwazanga ukumpompa yonke indlela ukuya kutsho kwivalve yesitofu sekhemikhali.Ngokubhekele phaya,iingxaki zibonwe kunye nemvula ye-phosphonate scale inhibitor kunye nentsalela ye-CaCl z yokugqiba i-brine kwiqula elinye kunye nenkosi yompu we-scale inhibitor ngaphakathi kwequla elinomlinganiselo ophezulu we-gasoil kunye nokusikwa kwamanzi aphantsi (Fleming etal.2006)
Izifundo ezifundiweyo
Uphuhliso lwendlela yovavanyo
Izifundo eziphambili ezifunyenweyo ekungaphumeleli kweenkqubo ze-DHC I zibe malunga nokusebenza kobugcisa be-scale inhibitor kwaye kungekhona malunga nokusebenza kunye nenaliti yeekhemikhali.Inaliti ye-topside kunye ne-subsea injection isebenze kakuhle ixesha elongezelelweyo;nangona kunjalo,isicelo sandiswe kwinaliti yekhemikhali ye-downhole ngaphandle kohlaziyo oluhambelanayo lweendlela zokufaneleka kwemichiza.Amava kaStatoil kula matyala mabini anikiweyo kukuba amaxwebhu olawulo okanye izikhokelo zoqeqesho lweekhemikhali mazihlaziywe ukuze zibandakanye olu hlobo lokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali.Imingeni emibini engundoqo ichongiwe njenge-i) i-vacuum kumgca wokutofa ngemichiza kunye ii) nokuwa okunokubakho komchiza.
Umoya wekhemikhali unokuba ngumphunga kwityhubhu yemveliso (njengoko kubonwa kwimeko yenkosi yompu) nakwityhubhu yokutofa (i-interface edlulayo ichongiwe kwimeko yokufunxa) kukho umngcipheko wokuba la manzi angashukunyiswa kunye nokuhamba kwivalve yesitofu nangaphaya equleni.Ivalve yokutofa isoloko iyilwe ngesihluzo esinyukayo kwindawo yokutofa,lo ngumngeni,njengakwimeko yemvula esi sihluzo sinokutsalwa sibangele ukuba ivalve ingaphumeleli.
Uqwalaselo kunye nezigqibo zokuqala ezivela kwizifundo ezifundiweyo zibangele uphononongo olubanzi lwaselabhorethri kwizinto ezenzekayo.Eyona njongo ibikukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zemfundo ukuthintela iingxaki ezifanayo kwixesha elizayo.Kolu phononongo kuye kwenziwa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo kwaye iindlela ezininzi zaselabhoratri ziyiliwe (zaphuhliswa ukuze) kuhlolwe imichiza ngokubhekiselele kwimingeni echongiweyo.
● Izithintelo zokuhluza kunye nokuzinza kwemveliso kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo.
● Ifuthe lelahleko yesinyibilikisi esingaphelelanga kukonakala kweekhemikhali.
● Umphumo wokulahleka kwe-solvent kwi-capillary ekubunjweni kwezinto eziqinileyo okanye iiplagi ze-viscous.
Ngexesha lovavanyo lweendlela zaselabhoratri ichongiwe
● Ukuvaleka okuphindaphindiweyo kwesihluzi kunye nozinzo olulambathayo.
● Ukwakheka kweziqina kulandela ukuphuphuma komphunga kancinci kwi-capillary
● utshintsho lwe-PH ngenxa yelahleko yesinyibilikisi.
Ubume beemvavanyo ezenziweyo bukwabonelele ngolwazi olongezelelweyo kunye nolwazi olunxulumene notshintsho kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo zeekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwee-capillaries xa ziphantsi kweemeko ezithile.,kwaye oku kwahluke njani kwizisombululo ezininzi eziphantsi kweemeko ezifanayo.Umsebenzi wovavanyo ukwachonge umahluko omkhulu phakathi kolwelo oluninzi,Izigaba zomphunga kunye nolwelo olushiyekileyo olunokuthi lukhokhelele ekwandeni kwamandla emvula kunye/okanye ukwanda kokubola.
Inkqubo yovavanyo lwe-corrosivity ye-scale inhibitors yaphuhliswa yaza yabandakanywa kumaxwebhu olawulo.Kwisicelo ngasinye uvavanyo olongeziweyo lokutya kwakufuneka lwenziwe phambi kokuba kusetyenziswe isikali sokuthintela isikali.Iimvavanyo ze-gun king zekhemikhali kumgca wokutofa nazo zenziwe.
Phambi kokuba kuqaliswe isiqinisekiso sekhemikhali kubalulekile ukwenza umda womsebenzi ochaza imingeni kunye nenjongo yekhemikhali.Kwinqanaba lokuqala kubalulekile ukuchonga imingeni ephambili yokukwazi ukukhetha iintlobo zeekhemikhali (ii) eziza kusombulula ingxaki.Isishwankathelo sezona nqobo zibalulekileyo zokwamkela sinokufumaneka kwiThebhile 2.
Ukufaneleka kweekhemikhali
Ukufaneleka kweekhemikhali kubandakanya ukuvavanya kunye novavanyo lwethiyori kwisicelo ngasinye.Inkcazo yobugcisa kunye neendlela zokuvavanya kufuneka zichazwe kwaye zisekwe,umzekelo ngaphakathi kwe-HSE,ukuhambelana kwezinto,ukuzinza kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso (amasuntswana).Ngokubhekele phaya,indawo yokukhenkceza,i-viscosity kunye nokuhambelana nezinye iikhemikhali,i-hydrate inhibitor,amanzi okubunjwa kunye nolwelo oluveliswayo kufuneka kumiselwe.Uluhlu olulula lweendlela zovavanyo ezinokuthi zisetyenziselwe ukufaneleka kweekhemikhali zinikwe kwiThebhile yesi-2.
Ugxininiso oluqhubekayo kunye nokubekwa esweni kobuchule bobugcisa,Amazinga edosi kunye neenyaniso ze-HSE zibalulekile.Iimfuno zemveliso zinokutshintsha intsimi okanye inkqubo yobomi besityalo;ziyahluka ngokwamazinga emveliso kwakunye nokwakhiwa kolwelo.Umsebenzi wokulandelisa ngovavanyo lomsebenzi,ukuphuculwa kunye/okanye uvavanyo lweekhemikhali ezintsha kufuneka lwenziwe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa eyona nkqubo yonyango iphezulu.
Kuxhomekeke kumgangatho weoli,imveliso yamanzi kunye nemingeni yobugcisa kumzimveliso wemveliso ongaselunxwemeni,ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza yemveliso kunokuba yimfuneko ukuphumeza umgangatho wokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle,iimfuno zolawulo,kunye nokusebenzisa ufakelo olungaphandle konxweme ngendlela ekhuselekileyo.Onke amacandelo anemingeni eyahlukeneyo, kwaye imichiza yemveliso efunekayo iya kwahluka ukusuka kwintsimi ukuya kwintsimi kunye nexesha elongezelelweyo.
Kubalulekile ukugxila ekusebenzeni kobugcisa beekhemikhali zokuvelisa kwinkqubo yokufaneleka,kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukugxila kwiipropati zekhemikhali,ezifana uzinzo,umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuhambelana.Ukuhambelana kwesi silungiselelo kuthetha ukuhambelana nolwelo,izinto kunye nezinye iikhemikhali zokuvelisa.Oku kunokuba lucelomngeni.Akunqweneleki ukusebenzisa imichiza ukusombulula ingxaki ukufumanisa kamva ukuba imichiza inegalelo okanye idala imingeni emitsha.Mhlawumbi iipropathi zekhemikhali hayi umceli mngeni wobugcisa ongowona mngeni mkhulu.
Iimfuno ezizodwa
Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokuhluzwa kweemveliso ezibonelelweyo kufuneka zifakwe kwisixokelelwano solwandle kunye nenaliti eqhubekayo ezantsi.Izihluzi kunye nezihluzi kwinkqubo yokutofa kweekhemikhali kufuneka zinikezelwe ngokusekelwe kwinkcazo yezixhobo ezisezantsi ukusuka kwi-topside injection system.,iimpompo kunye neevalvu zokutofa,kwiivalufa zokutofa komngxuma.Apho kusetyenziswa isitofu esiqhubekayo somngxuma wemichiza, ukucaciswa kwenkqubo yokutofa kwemichiza kufuneka kusekelwe kwiinkcukacha ezinokubaluleka okuphezulu kakhulu.Oku mhlawumbi isihluzo kwivalve yesitofu ezantsi.
Imingeni yokutofa
Inkqubo yokutofa ingathetha umgama oyi-3-50km we-umbilical subsea flowline kunye ne-1-3km ezantsi equleni.Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ezifana ne-viscosity kunye nokukwazi ukupompa iikhemikhali zibalulekile.Ukuba i-viscosity kumaqondo obushushu olwandle iphezulu kakhulu kunokuba ngumngeni ukumpompa imichiza ngomgca wokutofa ngemichiza kwinkaba engaphantsi kolwandle nakwindawo yokutofa engaphantsi kolwandle okanye equleni.I-viscosity kufuneka ihambelane nokuchazwa kwenkqubo ekugcinweni okulindelweyo okanye ubushushu bokusebenza.Oku kufuneka kuhlolwe kwimeko nganye,kwaye iya kuxhomekeka kwinkqubo.Njengoko isantya sokutofa kweekhemikhali kwitheyibhile yinto yokuphumelela kwisitofu sekhemikhali.Ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuplaga umgca wokutofa kweekhemikhali,iikhemikhali kule nkqubo kufuneka hydrate inhibited (ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba hydrates).Ukuhambelana nolwelo olukhoyo kwinkqubo (ulwelo olugcinayo) kunye ne-hydrate inhibitor kufuneka yenziwe.Iimvavanyo zozinzo lwekhemikhali kumaqondo obushushu okwenene (elona qondo lobushushu lisezantsi elinokwenzeka,ubushushu obugciniwe,ubushushu bolwandle,Isitofu sobushushu) kufuneka sigqithiswe.
Inkqubo yokuhlamba imigca yokutofa ngeekhemikhali ngamaxesha amiselweyo mayithathelwe ingqalelo.Inokunika isiphumo sothintelo ukugungxula rhoqo umgca wenaliti yeekhemikhali nge-solvent,i-glycol okanye ikhemikhali yokucoca ukususa iidiphozithi ezinokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba ziqokelelwe kwaye zingabangela ukuxutywa komgca.Isisombululo sekhemikhali esikhethiweyo solwelo lokugungxula kufuneka sibeiyahambelana nekhemikhali kumgca wokutofa.
Kwezinye iimeko umgca wokutofa ngeekhemikhali usetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezininzi ngokusekelwe kwimingeni eyahlukeneyo kubomi bentsimi kunye neemeko zolwelo.Kwinqanaba lokuqala lemveliso phambi kokuba ugqaliso lwamanzi imiceli mngeni engundoqo inokwahluka kuleyo yasemva kwexesha lokuphila rhoqo inxulumene nokwanda kwemveliso yamanzi.Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwi-inhibitor esekelwe kwi-solvent engenamanzi njenge-asphalt ene inhibitor ukuya kwimichiza esekwe emanzini njenge-scale inhibitor inokunika imingeni kunye nokuhambelana.Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba kugxininiswe ekusebenzisaneni kunye nesiqinisekiso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-spacers xa kucetywayo ukutshintsha imichiza kumgca wokutofa kwemichiza.
Izinto eziphathekayo
Ngokuphathelele ukuhambelana kwezinto,zonke iikhemikhali kufuneka zihambelane namatywina,iielastomers,iigaskets kunye nezinto zokwakha ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokutofa kweekhemikhali kunye neplanti yokuvelisa.Inkqubo yovavanyo lokubola kweekhemikhali (umz. i-acidic scale inhibitor) yenaliti eqhubekayo yomngxuma kufuneka iphuhliswe.Kwisicelo ngasinye uvavanyo olongeziweyo lokutya kufuneka lwenziwe phambi kokuba kusetyenziswe inaliti yeekhemikhali.
Ingxoxo
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo ngokusoloko zicholwa umngxuma wekhemikhali kufuneka zivavanywe.Inaliti eqhubekayo yesithinteli sesikali ukukhusela i-DHS Vor iityhubhu yemveliso yindlela entle yokukhusela iqula kwisikali.Njengoko kukhankanyiwe kweli phepha kukho imingeni emininzi kunye nenaliti yekhemikhali ye-downhole eqhubekayo,nangona kunjalo ukunciphisa umngcipheko kubalulekile ukuqonda i-phenomena edibeneyo kwisisombululo.
Enye indlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko kukugxila ekuphuhliseni indlela yokuvavanya.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-topside okanye i-subsea yekhemikhali yokutofa kukho iimeko ezahlukileyo kwaye ziqatha ngakumbi ezantsi equleni.Inkqubo yokufaneleka kweekhemikhali zokutofa rhoqo kweekhemikhali kwi-downhole kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo olu tshintsho kwiimeko.Isiqinisekiso seekhemikhali mazenziwe ngokungqinelana nemathiriyeli enokuthi idibane nayo imichiza.Iimfuno zesiqinisekiso sokufaneleka kunye novavanyo kwiimeko eziphindaphinda ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka iimeko ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo wobomi bomjikelo wobomi ezi nkqubo ziya kusebenza phantsi kwazo kufuneka zihlaziywe kwaye ziphunyezwe.Uphuhliso lwendlela yovavanyo kufuneka luphuhliswe ngakumbi kuvavanyo oluyinyani nolumeleyo.
Ukwengeza,intsebenziswano phakathi kweekhemikhali kunye nezixhobo kubalulekile kwimpumelelo.Ukuphuhliswa kweevalvu zemichiza yenaliti kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo iimpawu zekhemikhali kunye nendawo yevalve yesitofu equleni.Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuquka iivalvu zesitofu sokwenyani njengenxalenye yesixhobo sovavanyo kunye nokuqhutywa kovavanyo lwentsebenzo yesikali sokuthintela isikali kunye noyilo lwevalvu njengenxalenye yenkqubo yesiqinisekiso.Ukuze afanelekele isikali inhibitors,eyona nto kugxilwe kuyo ngaphambili ibikwimingeni yenkqubo kunye nothintelo lwesikali,kodwa uthintelo lwesikali esilungileyo luxhomekeke kwisitofu esizinzile nesiqhubekayo.Ngaphandle kwesitofu esizinzile nesiqhubekayo amandla okulinganisa aya kwanda.Ukuba ivalve ye-inhibitor injection i-gunk ed kwaye akukho naliti ye-inhibitor yesikali kumjelo wolwelo.,iqula kunye neevalvu zokhuseleko azikhuselwanga kwisikali kwaye kungoko imveliso ekhuselekileyo inokuba semngciphekweni.Inkqubo yokufaneleka kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo imingeni enxulumene ne-injection ye-scale inhibitor ukongeza kwimingeni yenkqubo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-qualified scale inhibitor.
Le ndlela intsha ibandakanya amacandelo amaninzi kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo kunye noxanduva olufanelekileyo kufuneka lucaciswe.Kwesi sicelo inkqubo yenkqubo yecala eliphezulu,iitemplates ze-subsea kunye noyilo kunye nokugqitywa kubandakanyeka.Uthungelwano lwe-multi-discipline olugxile ekuphuhliseni izisombululo ezomeleleyo zeenkqubo zokutofa ngemichiza zibalulekile kwaye mhlawumbi indlela eya empumelelweni.Unxibelelwano phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo lubalulekile;ngakumbi unxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kweekhemisti ezinolawulo lwemichiza esetyenziswayo kunye neenjineli zequla ezinolawulo lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa equleni lubalulekile.Ukuqonda imingeni yamacandelo ahlukeneyo nokufunda omnye komnye kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuntsonkotha kwayo yonke le nkqubo.
Ukuqukumbela
● Inaliti eqhubekayo yesithinteli sesikali ukukhusela i-DHS Vor iityhubhu yemveliso yindlela entle yokukhusela iqula lokulinganisa.
● Ukusombulula imingeni echongiweyo,izindululo zilandelayo:
● Inkqubo ezinikeleyo yesiqinisekiso se-DHCI kufuneka yenziwe.
● Indlela yokufaneleka kwiivalvu zokutofa ngemichiza
● Iindlela zovavanyo kunye nesiqinisekiso sokusebenza kweekhemikhali
● Ukuphuhliswa kwendlela
● Uvavanyo lwemathiriyeli efanelekileyo
● Intsebenziswano yeenkalo ngeenkalo apho unxibelelwano phakathi kwamacandelo ngamacandelo abandakanyekayo lubalulekile kwimpumelelo.
Imibulelo
Umbhali unqwenela ukubulela i-Statoil AS A imvume yokupapasha lo msebenzi kunye no-Baker Hughes noSchlumberger ngokuvumela ukusetyenziswa komfanekiso kwi-Fig.2.
Uluhlu lwamagama
(Ba/Sr)SO4=barium/strontium sulphate
CaCO3=icalcium carbonate
I-DHCI=inaliti yekhemikhali ephantsi
DHSV=ivalve yokhuseleko lomngxuma
umz=umzekelo
GOR=umlinganiselo wepetroli
HSE=imekobume yokhuseleko lwempilo
HPHT=uxinzelelo oluphezulu lobushushu obuphezulu
ID=idayimitha yangaphakathi
okt=njalo
km=iikhilomitha
mm=imilimitha
MEG=mono ethylene glycol
mMD=ubunzulu obulinganiswe imitha
OD=idayimitha yangaphandle
SI=isithinteli sesikali
mTV D=imitha bubonke ubunzulu obuthe nkqo
U-tube=Umbhobho omile
I-VPD=umphunga woxinzelelo loxinzelelo
Umzobo 1. Isishwankathelo se-subsea kunye ne-downhole iisistim zenaliti yeekhemikhali kwintsimi ye-atypical.Umzobo wenaliti yeekhemikhali ukuya phezulu kumjelo we-DHSV kunye nemingeni elindelekileyo enxulumeneyo.DHS V=ivalve yokhuseleko ezantsi komngxuma, PWV=ivalve yephiko lenkqubo kunye ne-PM V=ivalve eyintloko yenkqubo.
Umzobo 2. Umzobo wenkqubo yokutofa kwekhemikhali ye-atypical downhole kunye ne-mandrel kunye nevalve.Inkqubo idityaniswe kumphezulu manifold, yondliwe-kwaye iqhagamshelwe kwi-hanger ye-tubing kwicala lonyaka letyhubhu.Inaliti yemichiza mandrel ngokwemveli ibekwe nzulu equleni ngenjongo ukunika ukhuseleko imichiza.
Umzobo 3. Isicwangciso sesithintelo somthombo esiqhelekileyo,apho umbala ozuba umela imvulophu engundoqo yesithintelo somthombo;kule meko iityhubhu yemveliso.Umbala obomvu umele imvulophu yesithintelo sesibini;ingxowa.Kwicala lasekhohlo kuboniswe inaliti yekhemikhali, umgca omnyama onendawo yokutofa kwityhubhu yemveliso kwindawo ephawulwe bomvu (umqobo wesibini).
Umzobo 4. Umngxuma onomngxuma ofunyenwe kwicandelo eliphezulu le-3/8 yomgca wokutofa.Ummandla uboniswe kumzobo weskim sesithintelo somthombo, esiphawulwe ngongqameko oluorenji.
Umzobo 5. Uhlaselo olubi kakhulu lwe-corrosion kwi-7 "3% ye-Chrome tubing.Umzobo ubonisa uhlaselo lokudleka emva kokutshizwa kwe-scale inhibitor ukusuka kumgca wokutofa ngemichiza ukuya kwityhubhu yemveliso.
Umfanekiso 6. Ubutyobo bufunyenwe kwivalve yokutofa ngemichiza.Ubutyobo kule meko yayizitshefu zesinyithi mhlawumbi ukusuka kwinkqubo yofakelo ukongeza kwinkunkuma emhlophe.Ukuhlolwa kobutyobo obumhlophe bungqineke buziipolima ezinekhemikhali efanayo naleyo yatofwayo yikhemikhali
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-27-2022