Kwimarike yehlabathi jikelele, ukuqhekeka ekusebenzeni kunokulindelwa - kwicandelo lombhobho kunye nolawulo lomgca lo ngumxholo ophambili.Ngokwenene, ukusebenza kwecandelo elingaphantsi kokwahluka kungekuphela nje ngejografi kunye necandelo lentengiso kodwa nangobunzulu bamanzi, imathiriyeli yokwakha kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.Umzekelo ophambili wolu tshintsho lubonakaliswa ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhula kwemarike okulindeleke ngokwejografi.Ngenene, ngelixa iimarike zamanzi angekho nzulu kuLwandle lwaseMantla kunye neGulf of Mexico (GoM) zisiya ziphela kancinci, imimandla yoMzantsi Mpuma ye-Asiya, iBrazil kunye ne-Afrika iya isanda .Nangona kunjalo, umjikelo wexesha elifutshane kulindeleke ukuba ubonise ukukhula okubonakalayo kumacandelo emida ye-deepwater yaseNorway, i-UK West ye-Shetland kunye ne-Lower Tertiary Trend kwi-Gulf yaseMexico, kunye nomsebenzi wokuqhuba amanzi anzulu, anzima kunye nangaphezulu. le mimandla.Kolu hlaziyo, uLuka Davis kunye noGregory Brown we-Infield Systems ingxelo malunga nemeko yangoku yeemarike zombhobho kunye nomgca wolawulo kunye nokuba yintoni ababukeli bezoshishino abanokulindela umjikelezo weemarike zenguqu.
Imbonakalo yeMarike
Kule minyaka mihlanu izayo i-Infield Systems iqikelela inkcitho yombhobho kunye nolawulo lwenkcitho ukuya kufutshane ne-270bn mark, elingana ne-80,000km yemigca apho i-56,000km iya kuba yimibhobho kunye ne-24,000km iya kuba yimizila yokulawula.Ngokudityanisiweyo la macandelo mabini kulindeleke ukuba abone inqanaba eliphezulu lokukhula emva kokuhla okubonakalayo phakathi kwamanqanaba aphezulu ekuqaleni kuka-2008 kunye namazantsi ka-2009 no-2010. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle koku kulindeleka kokukhula ngokubanzi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela umahluko ongundoqo kwijografi. ukusebenza njengoko iimarike ezikhulayo ziqala ukwenza ngcono kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza.
Ngelixa inkcitho eyinkunzi kwimimandla eqolileyo iqikelelwa ukuba iza kuphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphindeke kwixesha elizayo, ukukhula kwexesha elide kuthobeke xa kujongwa ecaleni kwezinye zeemarike ezikhulayo.Ngokwenene, iziganeko zakutsha nje kuMntla Melika, kuqukwa nokuwa kwengxaki yezemali, intlekele yaseMacondo kunye nokhuphiswano oluvela kwirhasi ye-onshore shale, kudityaniswe ukunciphisa umsebenzi we-E&A wamanzi angekho nzulu kwaye ngaloo ndlela ufakelo lweqonga kunye nemibhobho kulo mmandla.Kuye kwenzeka umfanekiso ofanayo e-UK North Sea – nangona imarike edangeleyo apha iqhutywa ngakumbi lutshintsho kulawulo lwemali yengingqi kunye nobunzima bokufumana ityala – imeko ethe yandiswa yingxaki enkulu yamatyala kwi-Eurozone.
Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa le mimandla mibini yemveli ingekho nzulu, i-Infield Systems ilindele ukukhula okukhulu kwiimarike ezivelayo zoMntla Ntshona Ostreliya, eMpuma Afrika kunye nenxalenye ye-Asia (kubandakanya umsebenzi wamanzi anzulu kuLwandle lwaseChina kunye nonxweme lwaseKrishna-Godavari kwidisins kude neIndiya) ngelixa. Amanzi anzongonzongo eNtshona Afrika, iGulf of Mexico neBrazil kufuneka ziqhubeke nokubonelela ngesantya esibalulekileyo sexesha elide kwintengiso.
Iintaba ezihambayo - ukukhula kwee-trunk-lines
Ngelixa umkhwa wokuya kufakelo olunzulu lwamanzi, kwaye ngenxa yoko imigca yeSURF ehambelana nayo, iya kuqhubeka ukubamba ingqalelo kushishino, ufakelo lwamanzi angekho nzulu kulindeleke ukuba lugcine isabelo esibalulekileyo sentengiso kwikamva elibonakalayo.Ngokwenene, ukuya kuthi ga kwisibini esithathwini senkcitho eyinkunzi kuqikelelwa ukuba iya kujoliswa kuphuhliso olungaphantsi kwama-500 eemitha zamanzi kwisithuba sonyaka wama-2015. Ngokunjalo, ukufakelwa kwemibhobho eqhelekileyo kuya kwenza inxalenye enkulu yemfuno eya phambili - inxalenye ebalulekileyo. apho kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kuqhutywa luphuhliso lwamanzi angekho nzulu kwi-Asia.
Isiqu samanzi angekho nzulu kunye neentambo zokuthumela ngaphandle ziya kuba yinxalenye yemarike yombhobho ebanzi kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu ezayo njengoko eli candelwana liqikelelwa ukubonisa olona hlumo lunamandla.Umsebenzi weli candelo ngokwembali ubuqhutywa luxinzelelo koorhulumente besizwe kunye nabasemagunyeni bommandla ukuba baphucule ukhuseleko lwamandla ngokubonelela ngezinto ezahlukeneyo zehydrocarbon.Olu thungelwano lwemibhobho mikhulu luhlala luxhomekeke kakhulu kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe kunye neemeko zoqoqosho olukhulu, kwaye ke ngoko lunokuthi lube phantsi kolibaziseko novavanyo ngokutsha xa luthelekiswa nalo naliphi na elinye icandelo lemarike.
IYurophu ibambe esona sabelo sikhulu secandelo lemarike yokuthengisa ngaphandle kunye ne-trunk line kunye ne-42% yeekhilomitha ezifakelwe kwihlabathi liphela kunye ne-38% yenkcitho eyinkunzi eqikelelweyo ukuya ku-2015. Ukusasaza, i-European Trunk kunye ne-export line expenditure kuqikelelwa ukuba iza kufikelela kwi-US$21,000m kwisithuba sexesha lika-2011-2015.
Okokuqala yabhengezwa kwi-2001, iprojekthi ye-Nord Stream idibanisa iVyborg eRashiya kunye neGreifswald eJamani.Umgca ngowona mbhobho omde ongaphantsi kolwandle ehlabathini kwi-1,224km ubude.Iprojekthi ye-Nord Stream ibandakanye uluhlu oluntsonkothileyo lweekontraka eziquka iRoyal Boskalis Westminster, iTideway, iSumitomo, iSaipem, iAllseas, iTechnip kunye neSnamprogetti phakathi kwabanye abasebenzela umanyano olubandakanya iGazprom, GDF Suez, Wintershall, Gasunie kunye neE.ON Ruhrgas.NgoNovemba 2011 kwabhengezwa yi-consortium ukuba imigca yokuqala emibini ixhunyiwe kwigridi yegesi yaseYurophu.Ekugqityweni, iprojekthi yombhobho wamawele amakhulu kulindeleke ukuba ibonelele kwimarike yaseYurophu elambileyo ngamandla nge-55 BCM yerhasi (elingana ne-18% yokusetyenziswa komntla-ntshona weYurophu ngo-2010) ngonyaka kule minyaka ingama-50 izayo.I-Nord Stream ecaleni, utyalo-mali kwi-trunk kunye ne-export line imakethi nayo kulindeleke ukuba inyuke kakhulu kulo lonke elase-Asiya, inyuke ukusuka kwi-US$4,000m kwixesha lembali ka-2006-2010 ukuya phantse kwi-US$6,800m ukuya phambili ukuya ku-2015. zibonakalisa ukukhula okulindelekileyo kwimfuno yamandla kwi-Asia iphela.
I-Nord Stream iquka izinto ezintsonkothileyo zolungiselelo, ezopolitiko nezobunjineli ezinxulumene nophuhliso olukhulu lwe-trunk line.Ngokwenene, ngaphaya kobunzima bobugcisa obunxulunyaniswa nobunjineli bemibhobho emibini ye-1,224km, iqumrhu lophuhliso lanikwa umsebenzi wokulawula iimpembelelo zezopolitiko zokuqhuba umgca kumanzi ommandla waseRashiya, eFinland, eSweden, eDenmark naseJamani ngaphezu kokwanelisa iimfuno zelizwe. amazwe achaphazelekayo eLatvia, Lithuania, Estonia nasePoland.Kwathatha phantse iminyaka elithoba ukuba lo msebenzi uvunywe yaye xa ekugqibeleni wamkelwa ngoFebruwari 2010, umsebenzi waqalisa ngokukhawuleza ngoAprili kwangaloo nyaka.I-Nord Stream pipelay imele ukugqityezelwa kwi-Q3 2012 ngokugunyaziswa komgca wesibini okuzisa isiphelo kwelinye lawona mabali ahlala ehleli kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo zokuthumela ngaphandle.Umbhobho weTrans ASEAN yiprojekthi enokubakho yomzila wetrunk eya kutyhutyha e-Asiya kwaye ngaloo ndlela yandise ubonelelo oluninzi lwehydrocarbon kuMazantsi Mpuma Asia ukuya kwiindawo ezinobutyebi obunganeno.
Ngelixa lo mgangatho uphezulu womsebenzi ukhuthazayo ayiyondlela egcinakeleyo yexesha elide - kunoko ibonakalisa lo mjikelo uthile kurhwebo.Ngaphaya kokukhula kwexesha elisondeleyo kwimisebenzi yaseMpuma Yurophu I-Infield Systems iphawula imfuno encinci yesithuba se-2018 njengoko olu phuhliso luninzi kakhulu kwiiprojekthi kwaye xa sele zisendaweni ye-Infield Systems ibona umsebenzi wexesha elizayo uqhutywa yimigca edibeneyo kunemigca eyongezelelweyo yokuthumela ngaphandle. .
Ukukhwela i-SURF-Intsingiselo yexesha elide
Iqhutywa yimveliso edadayo kunye netekhnoloji ye-subsea imakethi yamanzi anzulu yehlabathi mhlawumbi lelona candelo likhula ngokukhawuleza kumzi-mveliso we-oyile kunye negesi engaselunxwemeni.Ngokwenene, ngemimandla emininzi elunxwemeni kunye namanzi angekho nzulu ejongene nokuhla kwemveliso kunye nee-NOCs kulawulo lwemimandla etyebileyo yemithombo yobutyebi efana noMbindi Mpuma, abasebenzisi-nkonzo baya bezama ukuhlola nokuphuhlisa oovimba kwimimandla esemdeni.Oku akwenzeki kuphela kwimimandla emithathu yamanzi anzulu "enzima" - i-GoM, eNtshona Afrika naseBrazil - kodwa nase-Asia, e-Australasia naseYurophu.
Kwimakethi ye-SURF indlela ecacileyo necacileyo yokuya kukwanda kwemisebenzi ye-E&P yamanzi anzulu kufuneka iguqulelwe ekukhuleni okukhulu kwemarike kule minyaka ilishumi ilandelayo nangaphaya.Ngokwenene, uqikelelo lwe-Infield Systems' luqikelele ukukhula olomeleleyo ngo-2012 njengoko ii-IOCs ziqhubeleka nokuphuhlisa iindawo zokugcina amanzi anzulu anzulu eNtshona Afrika kunye ne-US GoM ngelixa iPetrobras iqhubela phambili nophuhliso lweendawo zokugcina ityuwa eBrazil.
Njengoko umfanekiso wesi-3 ubonisa apha ngezantsi, kukho ukohlukana kwindlela yokusebenza kweemarike phakathi kweemarike zamanzi anzulu kunye ne-SURF.Ngenene, ngelixa urhwebo lwamanzi angekho nzulu kulindeleke ukuba lubonise ukukhula okuphakathi kwixesha elikufuphi – indlela yexesha elide ayilunganga kangako.Nangona kunjalo, kumanzi anzulu, umsebenzi womelele ngakumbi njengoko iyonke imali echithwayo kulindeleke ukuba inyuke ukuya kutsho kuma-56% phakathi kwamaxesha onyaka ka-2006-2010 no-2011-2015.
Ngelixa uphuhliso lwamanzi anzulu ngokungathandabuzekiyo luyeyona njini yokukhula iphambili kwimakethi ye-SURF kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lweendawo ezikude zeoyile kunye negesi ziya kubonelela ngamafutha angakumbi emlilweni.Ngokukodwa, umgama omde we-subsea tiebacks uya usiba yimeko eqhelekileyo yophuhliso kwintsimi njengoko umsebenzi we-R&D ngabasebenzi kunye neekontraki zabo ziqala ukwenza ezi projekthi zicela umngeni wobugcisa ukuba zibe nokwenzeka ngakumbi.Iiprojekthi ezikumgangatho ophezulu zakutsha nje zibandakanya uphuhliso lweStatoil kunye neShell's Ormen Lange kude nonxweme lwaseNorway kunye neprojekthi yeTotal's Laggan kude nonxweme lwase-UK kwiNtshona yengingqi yaseShetland.Olokuqala lolona hlanga lude lwehlabathi oluhamba ngaphantsi kolwandle ukuya elunxwemeni oluvelisayo ngoku ngeli lixa lo mva liza kwaphula loo rekhodi kwaye livule umda we-Atlantiki ukuqhubela phambili umsebenzi we-E&P xa ithe yamiselwa ngo-2014.
Omnye umzekelo ophambili walo mkhwa ulele ekuphuhliseni amanzi anzulu e-Jansz kwintsimi ekude nonxweme lwase-Australia.I-Jansz yinxalenye yeprojekthi ye-Greater Gorgon, ethi ngokutsho kwe-Chevron iya kuba yeyona projekthi inkulu kwimbali yase-Australia.Le projekthi ibandakanya uphuhliso lwemimandla emininzi, kuquka iGorgon kunye neJansz, ezithe xa zizonke ziqikelelwa koovimba be-40 Tcf.Ixabiso leprojekthi eliqikelelweyo li-US $ 43bn, kwaye imveliso yokuqala ye-LNG ilindeleke kwi-2014. Indawo ye-Greater Gorgon iphakathi kwe-130km kunye ne-200km ukusuka kunxweme lwaseMntla Ntshona ye-Australia.Amabala aza kudityaniswa nge-70 km, i-38 intshi yombhobho ongaphantsi kolwandle kunye ne-180km 38 intshi yombhobho ongaphantsi kolwandle ukuya kwiziko le-LNG eBarrow Island.Ukusuka eBarrow Island umbhobho we-90 km uya kudibanisa indawo ukuya kumhlaba omkhulu wase-Australia.
Ngelixa uphuhliso lwe-SURF olunje kwezo ndawo zicela umngeni ngakumbi kuLwandle oluMntla, iBrazil, iNtshona Afrika, iGoM, iAsia kunye noMntla Ntshona weOstreliya ziqhuba imakethi namhlanje, iziphumo ezikhuthazayo ze-E&A eMpuma Afrika kufuneka zibonelele ngokukhula okongeziweyo ezantsi emgceni.Ngokwenene, iimpumelelo zophononongo zakutsha nje ezifana nezo zaseWindjammer, eBarquentine naseLagosta ziqhube imiqulu efunyenwe ngaphaya komda (10 Tcf) kwiziko le-LNG.IMpuma Afrika kunye neMozambique ngokukodwa, ngoku ithathwa njenge-Australia yangomso.U-Anadarko, osebenza eWindjammer, eBarquentine naseLagosta uceba ukuphuhlisa ezi ndawo zogcino ngokusebenzisa i-offshore tie-back kwiziko le-LNG elingaselunxwemeni.Ngoku kudityaniswe nokufunyanwa kuka-Eni eMamba yaseMzantsi, okwenza iprojekthi ye-22.5 Tcf enokwenzeka ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi.
Umbhobho wamathuba
Ukukhula kwimibhobho, umgca wolawulo kwaye ngenene, imarike ebanzi ye-offshore kumjikelo ozayo kusenokwenzeka ukuba iphawulwe ngokunzulu, ngokungqongqo kunye neeprojekthi ezikude kakhulu.I-IOC, i-NOC kunye nentatho-nxaxheba ezimeleyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba zenze imarike yekontraka echumileyo yabo bobabini abakhi baphambili kunye nabalingane babo bemveli.Lo mgangatho uchulumancisayo womsebenzi unokuthi ubeke uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo kunikezelo kwixesha elide njengoko umdla wotyalo-mali oluvela kubasebenzi lugqithise ubungakanani betyala elifunekayo kutyalo-mali kwizinto ezisisiseko zobonelelo: iiplanti zokwenziwa, iinqanawa zofakelo kwaye mhlawumbi ngowona ubalulekileyo. , iinjineli zemibhobho.
Ngelixa umxholo wohlumo uwonke usisalathisi esihle malunga nokuveliswa kwengeniso kwixesha elizayo, umbono onjalo kufuneka uthotywe luloyiko lwekhonkco lonikezelo kunye nomthamo onganeleyo wokulawula ukonyuka okunjalo.Kuyinkolelo ye-Infield Systems ukuba ngaphaya kokufikelela kwityala, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kunye nokuza kuphinda kubhalwe umthetho wezempilo kunye nokhuseleko, esona sisongelo sibalaseleyo ekukhuleni ngokubanzi kweemarike kukungabikho kweenjineli ezinezakhono emsebenzini.
Abachaphazelekayo kushishino kufuneka baqonde ukuba ngaphandle kwebali lokukhula elinyanzelisayo, nawuphi na umsebenzi wexesha elizayo kumbhobho kunye nolawulo lweemarike zomgca wolawulo uxhomekeke kwikhonkco lonikezelo lobungakanani obaneleyo kunye nokubanakho ukuxhasa uluhlu lweeprojekthi ezicwangciswe ngabasebenzisi abahlukeneyo.Ngaphandle kolu loyiko imakethi ihleli kumjikelo womjikelo onomdla kakhulu.Njengababukeli beshishini i-Infield Systems baya kujonga ngononophelo kwiinyanga ezizayo ngokulindela ukubuyiswa okubalulekileyo kwemarike ukusuka kwi-lows ye-2009 kunye ne-2010.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-27-2022