IValufa yoKhuseleko engaphantsi komphezulu oLawulwa kumphezulu (SCSSV)

Umgca wokulawula

Umgca we-hydraulic we-diameter encinci osetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokugqibezela i-downhole ezifana ne-surface controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV).Uninzi lweenkqubo ezisebenza ngomgca wolawulo zisebenza ngokungaphumeleliyo.Kule modi, umgca wolawulo uhlala ucinezelekile ngamaxesha onke.Nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukusilela kukhokelela ekuphulukaneni noxinzelelo lwentambo yolawulo, kusebenze ukuvala ivalve yokhuseleko kunye nokukhusela umthombo.

IValufa yoKhuseleko engaphantsi komphezulu oLawulwa kumphezulu (SCSSV)

Ivalve yokhuseleko lwe-downhole esebenza kwiindawo ezingaphezulu ngomgca wokulawula obotshelelwe kumphezulu wangaphandle wetyhubhu yokuvelisa.Iindidi ezimbini ezisisiseko ze-SCSV zixhaphakile: i-wireline inokubuyiswa, apho amacandelo aphambili e-valve yokhuseleko anokuthi aqhutywe kwaye athathwe kwakhona kwi-slickline, kunye ne-tubing retrievable, apho yonke i-asembly-valve yokhuseleko ifakwe kunye nomtya we-tubing.Inkqubo yokulawula isebenza ngendlela engaphumeleliyo, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic control esetyenziselwa ukubamba ibhola elivulekileyo okanye i-flapper ibandla eliya kuvala ukuba uxinzelelo lolawulo lulahlekile.

IValufa yoKhuseleko lweDownhole (Dsv)

Isixhobo somngxuma osezantsi esihlukanisa uxinzelelo kunye nolwelo xa kukho imeko kaxakeka okanye ukusilela okuyingozi kwezixhobo ezingaphezulu.Iisistim zolawulo ezinxulumene neevalvu zokhuseleko zisetwa ngokubanzi kwimowudi engaphumeleliyo, kangangokuba nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo kuya kubangela ukuba ivalve yokhuseleko ivalwe ukunika iqula elikhuselekileyo.Iivalvu zokhuseleko lomngxuma osezantsi zifakelwe phantse kuwo onke amaqula kwaye zixhomekeke kwiimfuno ezingqongqo zowiso-mthetho lwasekhaya okanye lwengingqi.

Umtya weMveliso

Umjelo wokuqala apho ulwelo lwedama ziveliswa ngaphezulu.Umtya wemveliso udityaniswe ngokuqhelekileyo kunye ne-tubing kunye namacandelo okugqiba kwi-configuration ehambelana neemeko ze-wellbore kunye nendlela yokuvelisa.Umsebenzi obalulekileyo womtya wemveliso kukukhusela i-primary wellbore tubulars, kubandakanywa i-casing kunye ne-liner, ukusuka ekudlekeni okanye ukukhukuliseka kwe-reservoir fluid.

IValufa yoKhuseleko engaphantsi komhlaba (Sssv)

Isixhobo sokhuseleko esifakwe kumthombo ongentla ukubonelela ngokuvalwa okungxamisekileyo kwemijelo yokuvelisa xa kukho unxunguphalo.Iindidi ezimbini zevalve yokhuseleko lwangaphantsi komhlaba zikhoyo: zilawulwa ngumphezulu kunye ne-subsurface elawulwayo.Kwimeko nganye, inkqubo ye-valve yokhuseleko yenzelwe ukuba ingaphumeleli, ukwenzela ukuba i-wellbore ibe yodwa xa kukho ukusilela kwenkqubo okanye umonakalo kwizixhobo zokulawula ukuveliswa komhlaba.

Uxinzelelo:Amandla asasazwa phezu komphezulu, adla ngokulinganiswa ngeepounds force nge-intshi nganye yesikwere, okanye i-lbf/in2, okanye i-psi, kwiiyunithi zendawo yeoli yase-US.Iyunithi yemetriki yamandla yipascal (Pa), kunye neenguqu zayo: i-megapascal (MPa) kunye ne-kilopascal (kPa).

Iityhubhu zeMveliso

Umbhobho wequla osetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ulwelo lwamanzi.Iityhubhu yokuvelisa idityaniswe namanye amacandelo okugqiba ukwenza umtya wemveliso.Iityhubhu yemveliso ekhethiweyo kuyo nayiphi na ukugqitywa kufuneka ihambelane nejometri yequla, iimpawu zemveliso yedama kunye nolwelo lwamanzi.

Casing

Umbhobho onobubanzi obukhulu wehliswa kumngxuma ovulekileyo kwaye ufakwe isamente endaweni.Umyili wequla kufuneka ayile ingxowa yokumelana neentlobo ngeentlobo zamandla, ezinje ngokuwa, ukugqabhuka, kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuqina, kunye neentlanti ezinobunkunkqele bekhemikhali.Uninzi lwamalungu ecasing alulwe ngemisonto yamadoda kwisiphelo ngasinye, kwaye ukudityaniswa kwecasing ubude obufutshane kunye nemisonto yabasetyhini kusetyenziselwa ukudibanisa amalungu omntu omnye we-casing kunye, okanye amajoyinti e-casing anokwenziwa ngemisonto yamadoda kwelinye icala kunye nemisonto yabasetyhini kwi. enye.I-Casing iqhutyelwa ukukhusela ukubunjwa kwamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, ukwahlula indawo yembuyekezo elahlekileyo, okanye ukwahlula iifom ezinoxinzelelo olwahluke kakhulu.Ukusebenza ngexesha apho i-casing ifakwe kwiqula eliqhelekileyo libizwa ngokuba yi "running pipe."I-Casing idla ngokuveliswa ngentsimbi yekhabhoni engenanto enyangwa ubushushu ukuya kumandla ahlukeneyo kodwa inokwenziwa ngokukodwa ngentsimbi engatyiwayo, i-aluminiyam, i-titanium, i-fiberglass, kunye nezinye izinto.

Isipakishi seMveliso:Isixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukwahlula i-annulus kunye ne-ankile okanye ukukhusela umzantsi womtya wetyhubhu yemveliso.Uluhlu loyilo lwemveliso yokupakisha luyafumaneka ukuze lulungele ijometri yomthombo kunye neempawu zemveliso yolwelo lwedama.

Isipakishi seHydraulic:Uhlobo lokupakisha olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo zemveliso.Isipakishi se-hydraulic ngokuqhelekileyo sisetwa kusetyenziswa uxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic olusetyenziswa kumtya wetyhubhu kunokuba kusetyenziswe amandla omatshini ngokulawula umtya wetyhubhu.

Sealbore Packer

Uhlobo lompakisho wemveliso obandakanya i-sealbore eyamkela indibano yetywina efakwe ezantsi kwityhubhu yemveliso.Isipakishi se-sealbore sihlala sisetwa kumgca wocingo ukunika amandla ubunzulu obuchanekileyo.Ukusetyenziswa apho intshukumo enkulu yetyhubhu ilindelwe, njengoko kusenokuba ngenxa yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, ipaki ye-sealbore kunye nomsebenzi wendibano yetywina njengekhonkco lokutyibilika.

Isidibanisi seCasing:Ubude bombhobho wentsimbi, ngokuqhelekileyo ujikeleze i-40-ft [13-m] ubude kunye noqhagamshelo oluphothiweyo kwisiphelo ngasinye.Amalungu e-Casing ahlanganiswe ukwenza intambo ye-casing yobude obuchanekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zomthombo ofakwe kuwo.

IBanga leCasing

Inkqubo yokuchonga kunye nokuhlelwa kwamandla ezinto zokubeka.Kuba uninzi lwe-oilfield casing imalunga nekhemistry efanayo (ngokuqhelekileyo intsimbi) kwaye yohluka kuphela kunyango lobushushu olusetyenziswayo, inkqubo yokuhlelwa ibonelela ngamandla amiselweyo okwenziwa kwengxowankulu ukuba yenziwe kwaye isetyenziswe kwimithombo yamanzi.Inxalenye yokuqala ye-nomenclature, ileta, ibhekisa kumandla okuqina.Inxalenye yesibini yokutyunjwa, inani, libhekisela kumandla amancinci emveliso yesinyithi (emva kokunyanga kobushushu) kwi-1,000 psi [6895 KPa].Umzekelo, ibakala le-Casing J-55 linamandla amancinci angama-55,000 psi [379,211 KPa].Umgangatho we-Casing P-110 uchaza umbhobho wamandla aphezulu kunye namandla asezantsi esivuno se-110,000 psi [758,422 KPa].Umgangatho ofanelekileyo we-casing waso nasiphi na isicelo ngokuqhelekileyo usekwe kuxinzelelo kunye neemfuno zomhlwa.Ekubeni umyili wequla uxhalabile malunga nokunikezelwa kombhobho phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokulayisha, ibakala le-casing linani elisetyenziswa kwizibalo ezininzi.Izinto zokugquma zamandla aphezulu zibiza kakhulu, ngoko ke umtya we-casing unokubandakanya amabakala amabini okanye ngaphezulu e-casing ukuze kulungiswe iindleko ngelixa ugcina ukusebenza komatshini okwaneleyo kubude bomtya.Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba, ngokubanzi, ukuphakama kwamandla emveliso, i-casing inokuthi ichaphazeleke kakhulu kukuqhekeka kwe-sulfide (i-H2S-induced cracking).Ngoko ke, ukuba i-H2S ilindelwe, umyili wequla akanakukwazi ukusebenzisa ii-tubulars ngamandla aphakamileyo njengoko angathanda.

Joint: Umphezulu wokwaphuka, ukuqhekeka okanye ukwahlulwa phakathi kwelitye ekungakhange kubekho ntshukumo ihambelanayo nenqwelomoya echazayo.Ukusetyenziswa ngababhali abathile kunokuchaneka ngakumbi: Xa iindonga zokwaphuka ziye zahamba ziqhelekileyo komnye nomnye, ukuphuka kubizwa ngokuba yi-joint.

Slip Joint: Ijoyinti yeteleskopu kumphezulu kwimisebenzi edadayo kude nonxweme evumela ukuphakama kwenqanawa (intshukumo ethe nkqo) ngelixa igcina umbhobho wokunyuka ukuya kumgangatho wolwandle.Njengoko inqanawa ibhabha, iteleskopu edibeneyo yokutyibilika ingena okanye iphume ngesixa esifanayo ukuze isikhuphukeli esingaphantsi kwendawo yokutyibilika singachatshazelwa kukushukuma kwenqanawa.

Intambo yocingo: Ngokunxulumene nawo nawuphi na umba wokugawulwa osebenzisa intambo yombane ukuthoba izixhobo kwiqula kunye nokusasaza idatha.Ukugawulwa kweentambo zocingo kwahlukile kwimilinganiselo-ngelixa-i-drilling (MWD) kunye nokugawulwa ngodaka.

Drilling Riser: Umbhobho onobubanzi obukhulu odibanisa isitaki se-BOP esingaphantsi kolwandle kwindawo edadayo yokuthabatha udaka olubuyela kumphezulu.Ngaphandle kwesikhuphukeli, udaka beluya kuphalala luphume phezulu lusiya kumhlaba wolwandle.Isikhuphukeli sinokuthathwa ngokukhululekileyo njengokwandiswa kwethutyana komthombo wamanzi kumphezulu.

I-BOP

Ivalve enkulu kumphezulu wequla enokuthi ivalwe ukuba abasebenzi bokomba baphulukana nolawulo lolwelo olwenziwayo.Ngokuvala le valve (ehlala iqhutyelwa kude nge-actuator ye-hydraulic actuators), i-drilling crew idla ngokuphinda iphinde ilawule i-reservoir, kunye neenkqubo ezinokuthi ziqaliswe ukunyusa ubuninzi bodaka de kube yinto enokwenzeka ukuvula i-BOP kunye nokugcina ulawulo loxinzelelo lokwakheka.

Ii-BOPs ziza kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, ubungakanani, kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo.

Abanye banokuvala ngokufanelekileyo phezu komthombo ovulekileyo.

Ezinye ziyilelwe ukutywina malunga neenxalenye ze-tubular equleni (i-drillpipe, i-casing, okanye i-tubing).

Ezinye zifakelwe imiphezulu eqinileyo yokucheba enokuthi inqumle ngombhobho.

Ngenxa yokuba ii-BOPs zibaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, i-rig, kunye ne-wellbore ngokwayo, ii-BOPs ziyahlolwa, zivavanywe, kwaye zihlaziywe ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo agqitywe yindibaniselwano yovavanyo lomngcipheko, umkhuba wendawo, uhlobo lomthombo, kunye neemfuno zomthetho.Uvavanyo lwe-BOP luyahluka ukusuka kuvavanyo lomsebenzi wemihla ngemihla kumaqula abalulekileyo ukuya kuvavanyo lwenyanga okanye olungaphantsi rhoqo kumaqula ekucingelwa ukuba anethuba eliphantsi leengxaki zolawulo lomthombo.

Amandla okuqina: Amandla ngokweyunithi yendawo enqamlezileyo efunekayo ukutsala into ethile.

Isivuno: Umthamo ophuhliswa yingxowa enye yesamente eyomileyo emva kokuxutywa namanzi kunye nezongezo ukwenza i-slurry yoxinaniso olufunekayo.Isivuno siqhele ukubonakaliswa kwiiyunithi zase-US njenge cubic feet ngengxowa nganye (ft3/sk).

Sulfide Stress Cracking

Uhlobo lokungaphumeleli kwe-brittle ngokuzenzekelayo kwiintsimbi kunye nezinye i-alloys ezinamandla kakhulu xa zidibene ne-hydrogen sulfide emanzi kunye nezinye iindawo ze-sulfidic.Amalungu esixhobo, iindawo ezomeleleyo zezithinteli zokuvuthela kunye nesivali sevalvu zisesichengeni ngakumbi.Ngesi sizathu, kunye nemingcipheko yetyhefu yerhasi yehydrogen sulfide, kubalulekile ukuba udaka lwamanzi lugcinwe lungenazo iisulfide ezinyibilikayo kwaye ngakumbi ihydrogen sulfide kwipH ephantsi.Ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwe-sulfide ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-hydrogen sulfide cracking, i-sulfide cracking, i-sulfide corrosion cracking kunye ne-sulfide stress-corrosion cracking.Ukwahluka kwegama kungenxa yokungabikho kwesivumelwano kwindlela yokusilela.Abanye abaphandi bajonga i-sulfide-stress cracking uhlobo loxinzelelo-i-corrosion cracking, ngelixa abanye becinga ukuba luhlobo lwe-hydrogen embrittlement.

I-Hydrogen sulfide

[H2S] Irhasi enetyhefu engaqhelekanga enefomula yemolekyuli ye-H2S.Kwiindawo eziphantsi, i-H2S inevumba lamaqanda abolileyo, kodwa kwindawo ephezulu, ebulalayo, ayinavumba.I-H2S iyingozi kubasebenzi kwaye imizuzwana embalwa yokuba sesichengeni kwindawo ephantsi kakhulu inokubulala, kodwa ukuba sesichengeni kuxinzelelo oluphantsi kunokuba yingozi.Isiphumo se-H2S sixhomekeke kubude bexesha, ukuphindaphinda kunye nokuqina kokuvezwa kunye nokuba buthathaka komntu.IHydrogen sulfide yingozi enkulu kwaye enokuba yingozi, ngoko ke ulwazi, ukufumanisa kunye nokujongwa kwe-H2S kubalulekile.Ekubeni igesi ye-hydrogen sulfide ikhona kwezinye iifom ze-subsurface, u-drilling kunye nabanye abasebenzi abasebenzayo kufuneka balungele ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokubona, izixhobo zokukhusela zomntu, uqeqesho olufanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zengozi kwiindawo ezixhatshazwayo ze-H2S.I-Hydrogen sulfide iveliswa ngexesha lokubola kwezinto eziphilayo kwaye zenzeke ngeehydrocarbons kwezinye iindawo.Ingena ekugrumbeni udaka ukusuka kulwakhiwo olungaphantsi komhlaba kwaye lunokuveliswa ngebhaktheriya yokunciphisa isulfate kumadaka agciniweyo.I-H2S inokubangela i-sulfide-stress-corrosion cracking yeentsimbi.Ngenxa yokuba igqwirha, imveliso ye-H2S inokufuna izixhobo zokuvelisa ezinexabiso eliphezulu ezifana netyhubhu yentsimbi engatyiwayo.IiSulfides zinokugatyulwa ngokungenabungozi kudaka lwamanzi okanye udaka lweoyile ngonyango olululo olufanelekileyo lwe-sulfide scavenger.I-H2S i-asidi ebuthathaka, inika ii-ion ezimbini ze-hydrogen kwi-neutralization reactions, zenza i-HS- kunye ne-S-2 ion.Emanzini okanye emanzini asekelwe emanzini, iintlobo ezintathu ze-sulfide, i-H2S kunye ne-HS- kunye ne-S-2 ion, zihambelana ngokulinganayo ngamanzi kunye ne-H + kunye ne-OH-ions.Ukusasazwa kweepesenti phakathi kweentlobo ezintathu zesulfide kuxhomekeke kwi-pH.I-H2S yongamele kwi-pH ephantsi, i-HS-ion yongamele kuluhlu oluphakathi lwe-pH kwaye ii-ion ze-S2 zilawula kwi-pH ephezulu.Kule meko yolingano, ii-ion zesulfide zibuyela kwi-H2S ukuba i-pH iyawa.I-Sulfides emanzini odaka kunye nodaka lweoyile inokulinganiswa ngokobungakanani kunye neGas Train yeGarrett ngokwemigaqo ebekwe yi-API.

Umtya weCasing

Ubude obudityanisiweyo bombhobho wentsimbi obunjwe ukuba ulungele iqula elithile.Amacandelo ombhobho axhunyiwe kwaye athotywe kwi-wellbore, emva koko afakwe i-cemented endaweni.Amalungu emibhobho adla ngokumalunga neemitha ezili-12 ubude, iduna lithungelwe kwicala ngalinye kwaye lidityaniswe ngobude obufutshane bombhobho odityaniswe kabini wabafazi obizwa ngokuba yi-couplings.Imitya emide yecasing inokufuna izixhobo zamandla aphezulu kwindawo ephezulu yomtya ukuze imelane nomthwalo womtya.Iindawo ezisezantsi zomtya zinokudityaniswa kunye necasing yobukhulu bodonga olukhulu ukumelana noxinzelelo olugqithisileyo olunokwenzeka kubunzulu.I-Casing iqhutyelwa ukukhusela okanye ukwahlula iifom ezikufutshane nomthombo.