Ulawulo lokuTyakala kwimibhobho ye-oyile negesi
Kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kusetyenziswa imithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla, njengamafutha, igesi yendalo, iifosili kunye namafutha.Ioyile kunye negesi yeyona mithombo ibalaseleyo yamandla okuvelisa kunye nokuxhasa ubomi eUnited States nakwihlabathi liphela.Njengayo nayiphi na enye imveliso, kukho imfuneko yokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwe-oyile kunye negesi ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka kumaziko emveliso ukuya kubasebenzisi abohlukeneyo ngokusebenzisa abalamli (ukuba bakhona).Kule meko, ukuhanjiswa okusebenzayo kweoli zombini kunye negesi kubasebenzisi kuqinisekisa ukuba bakhuselekile.Ukongeza, iqinisekisa ukuba iifektri zamandla zikhuselekile, kuba nakuphi na ukuvuza okunokuthi kwenzeke kuyabonwa kwaye kuthintelwe ngokukhawuleza.Ngenxa yoko, ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo luyancitshiswa.Imithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla ifuna ukuthuthwa ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwenye, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kufuneka kujongwe ngexesha lenkqubo.Umzekelo, i-oyile ekrwada kufuneka ithuthwe isuka kwindawo yemveliso okanye isiwe kwiindawo zokuhluza ioyile isiwe kubasebenzisi bokugqibela.Ngoko ke, kukho imfuneko yokuqulunqa indlela efanelekileyo yokuthutha ioli kunye negesi ukusuka kumaziko okuvelisa ukuya kwiindawo zokucokisa kunye nokusuka kwiindawo zokucoca ukuya kubasebenzisi.Ubuchwephesha bemibhobho ye-oyile nerhasi yeyona ndlela yothutho esetyenziswa kwintshukumo yeoli nerhasi eMelika.Amacandelo ahlukeneyo oqoqosho lwehlabathi aye avela, kwaye ke icandelo lezamandla alikho likhethekileyo.Itekhnoloji esetyenzisiweyo kweli candelo ifumene ukukhula okukhulu, okujikeleza imfuno yokuphucula ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemibhobho yeoli nerhasi.Olu phuhliso lwenze le nkqubo isebenze kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwe-oyile negesi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Iindidi zoMbhobho we-oyile kunye negesi
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, iintlobo zemibhobho yeoli kunye negesi ixhomekeke kwindawo yothutho kunye nento ephantsi kokuhamba.Ukuqokelela imigca yeemveliso zothutho kwimigama emifutshane.Ikakhulu isetyenziselwa ukuthutha i-oyile ekrwada kunye negesi yendalo ukusuka kwiindawo zemveliso ukuya kwiindawo zokucokisa.Imigca yokuqokelela imfutshane ngenxa yokuba ibandakanya ukuthuthwa kweoli engacocwanga kunye negesi yendalo ukusuka kumaziko okuvelisa ukuya kwiindawo zokucoca (Kennedy, 1993).Imigca ye-feeder ibandakanyeka ekuthuthweni kweoli kunye negesi ukusuka kwiindawo zokucoca ukuya kwiindawo zokugcina okanye ukudibanisa ioli ecocekileyo kunye negesi kwimibhobho yomgama omde (Kennedy, 1993).Ke ngoko, le migca igubungela imigama emifutshane xa kuthelekiswa naleyo isasaza i-oyile kunye negesi yendalo kubasebenzisi/imarike.Iintambo zothumelo ziphakathi kwezona nkqubo zintsonkothileyo zemibhobho.Ziquka uthungelwano lwemigca esasaza igesi yendalo kunye neoyile ukunqumla imida.Iintambo zothumelo zinoxanduva lokusasazwa kwe-oyile negesi kubasebenzisi bokugqibela, nto leyo ebangela ukuba bathathe imigama emide.Okuqaphelekayo, urhulumente ubukhulu becala ulawula iintambo zothumelo kuba zisasaza i-oyile negesi kuyo yonke imida yangaphakathi nangaphandle.Imibhobho yokusabalalisa, njengoko igama libonisa, lijongene nokuhanjiswa kweoli kunye negesi kubasebenzisi.Kwiimeko ezininzi, le mibhobho iphethwe kwaye ilawulwa ziinkampani zokuhambisa ezithengisa ioli kunye negesi kubathengi bokugqibela.Abathengi bokugqibela babandakanya amashishini, amakhaya kunye namashishini axhomekeke kwiifom zamandla (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Imibhobho yokuhambisa yeyona intsonkothileyo kuba ijolise ekukhonzeni abathengi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokubaluleka kwemibhobho yeoli kunye negesi
Ukubaluleka kwemibhobho akunakujongelwa phantsi xa kuqwalaselwa indima ebalulekileyo yerhasi ne-oyile ekuqhubeni uqoqosho.I-oyile negesi yimithombo ebalulekileyo yamandla kumashishini, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ixhasa uqoqosho lweli.Usetyenziso olusisiseko lwemibhobho lubhekiselele ekuhanjisweni kwe-oyile negesi kubasebenzisi bokugqibela.Yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo, esebenzayo kwaye ekhuselekileyo yokuthutha umthamo omkhulu weoli kunye negesi ukusuka kumaziko okuvelisa, ukuya kwiindawo zokucokisa kunye nabathengi bokugqibela (i-Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Ukubaluleka kwemibhobho yinto yokusetyenziswa kwayo ekusasazeni imibhobho yeoli kunye negesi.Okokuqala, imibhobho yeoli neyegesi iye yangqineka iyiendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuthutha ioli negesi.Zibekwe phantsi kwezitrato, ngapha kwezakhiwo, kunye namasimi kodwa azichaphazeli umgangatho wobomi babahlali.Ukongeza, ukhuselo lwabo olubanzi lunceda ekwandiseni ufikelelo kumandla kulo lonke uluntu nokuba lundawoni na.Ngoko ke, zibalulekile kwisizukulwana samandla, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekusindeni koluntu.Ngaphandle kwamandla, kuya kuba nzima ukuba amazwe agcine abemi bawo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwempahla kunye neenkonzo ezibalulekileyo.Obunye ukubaluleka kwemibhobho ye-oyile nerhasi kukuba iphucula ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kobutyebi bendalo elizweni.Imibhobho yenza ukuba kuthuthwe ioli ekrwada negesi yendalo ukusuka kwiindawo ezikuyo ukuya kwiindawo zokuhluza.Ngoko ke, ilizwe linokusebenzisa ithuba lokufumaneka kwerhasi yendalo neoli nakwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ngenxa yokulula kwezothutho.Imisebenzi yokuhlola ioyile kwimimandla yasemaphandleni ibingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kobukho bemibhobho.Emva koko kulandela ukuba imibhobho inefuthe kwimveliso yazo zonke iimveliso zepetroleum kwi-oyile ekrwada ethathwe kwimithombo.Imibhobho yeoli neyegesi iye yanceda namazwe angenayo imithombo yeoli negesi eyaneleyo.Kunokwenzeka ukuthutha ioli kunye negesi ukusuka kwilizwe ukuya kwelinye ilizwe usebenzisa imibhobho.Ngoko ke, amazwe angenawo amaqula e-oyile okanye iindawo zokucokisa asenokusebenzisa iimveliso zepetroleum, i-oyile kunye negesi njengomthombo wawo oyintloko wamandla (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Ziquka uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwemigca yokuhambisa enceda ekukhonzeni uluntu olungenayo imithombo yendalo eyaneleyo yamandla.Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla buxhomekeke ngokubanzi kubukho betekhnoloji yombhobho.Ukufumaneka kwepetroli kwisitalato, igesi yokupheka, i-jet fuel kunye neenjini zemizi-mveliso ziziphumo zotyalo-mali kwi-teknoloji yombhobho.Uthungelwano olubanzi lwemibhobho e-United States nakwamanye amazwe luphawu lokubaluleka kwabo ekuxhaseni ubomi kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho.I-oyile kunye negesi, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngu-Miesner & Leffler (2006), zizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso yemveliso yezizwe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba luhlobo olutsha lomyalelo wokhuphiswano.Iinkampani ezinokufikelela okwaneleyo kwiintlobo zamandla kunokwenzeka ukuba zikhuphisane ngakumbi, nto leyo ethethelela ubukho kunye nokubaluleka kothungelwano lwemibhobho ngakumbi.Ukubaluleka kwemibhobho yeoli kunye negesi iphinda iqiniswe kukungaphumeleli kunye nokungasebenzi kwezinye iindlela zokuthutha ioli kunye negesi yendalo.Ngokomzekelo, akunakwenzeka ukuthutha umthamo omkhulu weoli kunye negesi usebenzisa iilori kunye nololiwe ngenxa yeendleko ezinxulumene nazo.Ukongeza, le mibhobho ayilimazi ezinye iindlela zeziseko ezingundoqo ezifana neendlela, nto leyo ethetha ukuba zingabizi kakhulu kwaye zizimele iindlela zothutho.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwiMibhobho yeoli neGesi
Imibhobho ingacingelwa njengenxalenye yobomi bethu kuba ingaphantsi kwezakhiwo zethu kunye nezitrato zethu.Ngoko ke, ukhuseleko lwemibhobho lubaluleke kakhulu kuyilo kunye nobunjineli babo.Insimbi iyona nto isetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemibhobho yeoli kunye negesi.Isizathu esona sizathu sokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi yimpawu zokuqina, i-ductility kunye ne-weldability (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Ukuqina kunceda ekuxhathiseni iintanda, ezinokukhokelela ekuvuzeni.Ngoko ke, intsimbi inceda imibhobho ukumelana noxinzelelo lomthwalo, ubushushu kunye nokutshintsha kweepatheni zemozulu kuba iyakwazi ukumelana nokuqhekeka.Nangona kunjalo, insimbi engenasici ayikho into esebenzayo ekwakhiweni kwemibhobho, nangona iyona nto isebenzayo malunga neempawu ezikhankanywe ngasentla.Insimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni, ngokutsho kweKiefner & Trench (2001), iyindlela eneendleko zentsimbi ephethe uphawu lwamandla kunye ne-ductility efunekayo kwimibhobho.Ezinye iintsimbi ezifana nentsimbi azinamandla kangako kwaye zinokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni nasekuqhekekeni.Ngoko ke, intsimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni yeyona nto isebenzayo ekwakhiweni kwemibhobho kuba ithintela ukuphuka, okunokukhokelela ekuchithekeni kweoyile negesi.Esinye isizathu sokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekwakhiweni kwemibhobho kukukwazi ukumelana nokutshintsha kwamaqondo obushushu ngokuhamba kwexesha.Insimbi ayitshintshi ngokuhamba kwexesha, oku kuthetha ukuba yeyona nto isebenzayo ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezivezwe kwiimeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo.Amandla okuqina entsimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni ahlala engaguquguquki ngokuhamba kwexesha, nto leyo ethetha ukuba yeyona nto ilungileyo yokusetyenziswa kuphuhliso lwexesha elide (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Ukwakhiwa kwemibhobho lutyalo-mali olunexabiso elikhulu, nto leyo ethetha imfuneko yokufikelela kuyo ngokwembono yexesha elide.Intsimbi enekhabhoni ephantsi, ke ngoko, yeyona ilungileyo yokusetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemibhobho kuba inceda ekunciphiseni imfuno yokulungiswa rhoqo.Insimbi enekhabhoni ephantsi, esetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemibhobho yeoli kunye negesi, ineentsilelo zayo.Ixhasa i-oxidation kubukho bomoya, umhlaba kunye namanzi (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).I-oxidation ikhokelela kumhlwa, nto leyo enokuthi ibeke esichengeni umgangatho we-oyile kunye negesi ephantsi kothutho.Ngoko ke, intsimbi ye-lowcarbon kufuneka igqunywe ngeengubo ezithintela i-oxidation ekubeni imibhobho, kwiimeko ezininzi, ingcwatywe phantsi komhlaba, ekwaxhasa i-oxidation.Ke ngoko, izinto ezisetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kombhobho we-oyile kunye negesi kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zamandla (ukwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo ekulayisheni nasekukhupheni), i-ductility (ukwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo ngokuhamba kwexesha okanye amandla okuqina), kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nokutshintsha. , iintanda kunye nokwaphuka.
Iindlela Zokunqanda ukuMhlwa
Ukonakala kuchongiwe njengowona mngeni uphambili ochaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwemibhobho yeoli nerhasi.Ukungalungi komhlwa kubonisa imfuneko yokuyila iindlela zokoyisa isoyikiso, ngakumbi ekuthinteleni ukwenzeka kweengozi ezibangelwa kukuvuza kunye nokwaphuka.Insimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni iye yadibaniswa nokuchaphazeleka kwi-oxidation phambi kwe-electrolytes, amanzi kunye ne-carbon dioxide.Umhlwa wangaphandle ukwangumba wokudibana nomhlaba, okwaxhasa i-oxidation.Ngoko ke, enye yeendlela ezisisiseko zokulawula i-corrosion yangaphandle i-coating and cathodic protection (Baker, 2008).Ukukhuselwa kweCathodic kukusetyenziswa kwangoku kumbhobho ukuphazamisa ukuhamba kwee-electron ukusuka kwi-anode ukuya kwi-cathode.Yenza intsimi ye-cathodic phezu kombhobho, oku kuthetha ukuba i-anodes kwindawo evezwayo ayisebenzi.Umbhobho usebenza njenge-cathode, oku kuthetha ukungabikho kokuhamba kwee-electron.Ukongezelela, ukukhuselwa kwe-cathodic kukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweediphozithi ezikhusela intsimbi ekubeni ziyi-alkaline kwindalo.U-Baker (2008) ucebisa iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokukhusela i-cathodic.Indlela yokukhusela i-anode yedini ibandakanya ukudibanisa umbhobho kunye nentsimbi yangaphandle enomsebenzi ophezulu ngakumbi kunentsimbi.Isinyithi ke sibekwe kude nombhobho kodwa ngaphakathi- kwi-electrolyte (umhlaba).Isiphumo kukuba i-current iya kuqukuqela kwintsimbi kuba isabela ngaphezu kwentsimbi.Ngoko ke, intsimbi yedini idlula kwi-corrosion ngaloo ndlela ikhusela umbhobho we-oyile kunye negesi kwi-corrosion.Indlela ye-anode echukumisayo-yangoku ibandakanya ukuqaliswa kombane othe ngqo phakathi kombhobho kunye ne-anode.Injongo kukutsala okwangoku kude nombhobho, othintela ukubola.Ngoko ke, ukukhuselwa kwe-cathodic kubandakanya ukuphazamiseka kokuhamba kwangoku ukusuka kwi-anode ukuya kwiipayipi ngokusebenzisa i-electrolyte.Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuxhomekeke kubume benkqubo yombhobho, kunye neempawu zejoloji yendawo eqwalaselwayo (Baker, 2008).Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayinakusebenza ngokwayo kuba kuya kuba yindleko ukuthelekisa umsinga ofunekayo kuwo wonke lo mbhobho.
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuHlola iCorrosion
I-Corrosion ichongiwe njengowona mngeni uphambili ochaphazela iinkxalabo zokhuseleko lobuchwepheshe bombhobho e-United States.Ngoko ke, ukulawulwa kwe-corrosion kufuneka kube yeyona nto iphambili yabachaphazelekayo kwishishini leoli kunye negesi.Ingqwalasela okanye injongo yabachaphazelekayo ijikeleze uphuhliso lwemibhobho engenangozi, nto leyo enokwenzeka ngakumbi ngolawulo lomhlwa.Ke ngoko, abachaphazelekayo kufuneka batyale imali ekubekeni iliso rhoqo kwinkqubo yemibhobho ukuchonga iindawo ezichatshazelwa kukuhlwa, kunye nezo zidinga amanyathelo okhuseleko.Ukuhlola yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yokubeka iliso kuba inceda ekuchongeni iziphene ngaphakathi kwenkqubo.Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlolwa kweepayipi zeoli kunye negesi, kwaye ukhetho lwabo luxhomekeke kwimeko kunye nendawo yombhobho, kunye neenjongo zokuvavanya.Indlela yokukhusela i-cathodic yokuphepha i-corrosion ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlola.Inceda iingcali ekuqokeleleni idatha efunekayo ukuvavanya ubungakanani be-corrosion kumbhobho, okubonisa ukuba indlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kokuhlolwa kwangaphandle.Idatha eqokelelwe kwixesha elide inceda ekunqumeni ubungakanani bomonakalo kumbhobho, ochaphazela ukuphuhliswa kwesenzo sokulungisa.Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle kwe-corrosion kulula kuba kuxhomekeke ekubonweni kwendawo yangaphandle, kunye nokuqokelela idatha usebenzisa indlela yokukhusela i-cathodic.IiGauji zokuHlola iiPipeline (PIGS apha) zizixhobo ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwimibhobho yeoli nerhasi ngoncedo lolwelo oluqukuqelayo.I-teknoloji ye-PIGs ukususela ngoko iguqulelwe ukubandakanya iinkalo zobuntlola ezinceda ekumiselweni lula kweendawo eziphosakeleyo ngaphakathi kwemibhobho.Ubukrelekrele bujonga amandla oyilo lokurekhoda idatha malunga nobume bemibhobho, kunye nedatha yokurekhoda uhlalutyo lwamva (Pistoia, 2009).Itekhnoloji ithatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iye yadunyiswa ngenxa yobume bayo obungonakalisi.Ifom ye-electro-magnetic yee-PIG yenye yeendlela ezidumileyo zovavanyo.Inceda ekuchongeni iziphene ngaphakathi kwimibhobho, kunye nohlobo lobunzima bezi ziphene.Indlela yokuhlola ye-PIGs inzima kakhulu kwaye iyimbonakaliso yokwanda kwezicelo zeteknoloji, ngakumbi kwiindlela zovakalelo kwiziphene ngaphakathi kwemibhobho.Indlela isetyenziswa ngokukodwa kuvavanyo lwemibhobho yegesi kuba izixhobo aziphazamisi ukubunjwa kunye neempawu zegesi.Ii-PIGs zinceda ekuboneni iziphene zemibhobho eqhelekileyo ezifana nokudinwa kwe-corrosion kunye nezibonda phakathi kwezinye iimpazamo.Ukukhathala kokubola kubhekiselele ekwenyukeni kokuthotywa kobuchule bomatshini bentsimbi emva kokuhlwa.Enyanisweni, abanye abachaphazelekayo basebenzisa i-corrosion fatigue ukuhlola ubungakanani bomhlwa.Ingqiqo kukuba i-corrosion yindlela yokuhlaselwa kwemishini, enokwenzeka phambi kwee-catalysts ezifana ne-hydrogen sulphide.Ngoko ke, ukugqiba ubungakanani bokuhlaselwa komatshini kwintsimbi, eyenza ukukhathala kwe-corrosion, yindlela esebenzayo yokuhlola i-corrosion.Ngapha koko, abaphuhlisi beze nezixhobo ezinceda ekulinganiseni ubungakanani bokudinwa kwe-corrosion.Ke ngoko, ukulinganisa ukudinwa kwe-corrosion yindlela esebenzayo yokuhlola ubungakanani bomhlwa kwimibhobho yeoli neyerhasi.Le ndlela isebenza kuhlolo lwangaphandle kunye nangaphakathi lokubola ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo kwe-elektroniki kunye nesakhiwo.Indlela yokukhangela iziphene ngaphakathi nangaphandle kombhobho usebenzisa ubukhulu bodonga olushiyekileyo olubangelwa kukuhlwa.Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba yenza ukuba s ukuhlolwa komhlwa kwimigangatho yangaphandle nengaphakathi kwimibhobho yeoli nerhasi.Le ndlela yokuhlola iye yafumana ukuthandwa kwixesha elidlulileyo ngenxa yeendleko zayo, ukuthembeka kunye nesantya.Nangona kunjalo, iye yanxulumana nomda wokungathembeki ukuba uvezwa kwingxolo.Ukongeza, ngokutsho kweDai et al.(2007), indlela ichaphazeleka ngokuthungwa kombhobho, ngakumbi ukuqina kodonga.
ISIPHELO
Ukuqukumbela, umhlwa ngumba osakhulayo ofuna ingqwalasela engxamisekileyo ngokuphuhliswa koyilo olutsha kunye neendlela zokuthintela nokulawula.Iimpembelelo ze-corrosion zibonakalise ukuba yingozi kuzinzo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemibhobho ekusasazweni kweoli kunye negesi ukusuka kumaziko okuvelisa kubasebenzisi.I-oyile negesi zibalulekileimithombo yamandla e-United States kunye nehlabathi, ethethelela imfuno yokutyala imali kwizicwangciso ezisebenzayo kunye neendlela zokusasaza.Ukunqongophala kweendlela ezisebenzayo zokusasaza i-oyile kunye nerhasi akusayi kucela umngeni kuphela ekubandakanyekeni kwimisebenzi enemveliso kodwa kusongela ubomi ngenxa yokunyuka kwamathuba eengozi.I-Corrosion ikhokelela ekunciphiseni komatshini amandla e-oyile kunye nemibhobho yegesi, ekhokelela ekuvuzeni kunye nezinye iingxaki.Ukuvuza kuyingozi kuba kubeka uluntu emngciphekweni wokudubula kunye nomlilo, kunye nokonakalisa okusingqongileyo.Ukongeza, ukuxhaphaka kweengozi ezinxulumene nokudleka kwimibhobho yeoli neyerhasi kunciphisa ukuzithemba koluntu kwinkqubo kuba icela umngeni kwimiba yokhuseleko olushushu lwemibhobho.Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela ezibekwe kwindawo yokulawula ukubola kwimibhobho yeoli kunye negesi igxininise kwiipropati zentsimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni, eyona nto isetyenziswayo ekwenzeni kunye nokwakhiwa kwemibhobho.Njengoko kuxoxwe kwiphepha, kukho imfuneko yokutyalomali kwiindlela zokubona nokuhlola i-corrosion kwimibhobho kuba isisiseko sokuthintela nokulawula.Itekhnoloji ibonelele ngamathuba angenasiphelo okufezekiswa okufanayo, kodwa kukho imfuneko yokutyala imali ngakumbi ekumiseleni ezona ndlela zilungileyo zokubona, ukuthintela nokulawula ukubola, okuya kuphucula iziphumo ezihambelanayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-03-2019